English (Comp) B.A/B.Sc. Part II (2014)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Note (i) Attempt all Questions.
Note (ii) Possession and use of cell phones and other electronic devices are strictly prohibited in the Examination Hall and may lead to eviction of a candidate from the Hall o barred from appearing in the examination as a whole.
Q 1. EAST AND WEST (15)
a). “In the lifetime of the younger politicians of today, the Demographic Revolution which takes no account of political ideologies, will have completely changed the pattern of world politics.” This sentence has been taken from Ritchie Calder’s essay”How Many People”. State in your own words in what way population growth will change world politics. (15)
OR
b) “Yuri Gagarine, the man who was suffering all these terrible things, was not being tortured. He had asked for the experience and he could go any moment he liked. He was training to be a spaceman“. This sentence has been taken from the essay “First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Narrate in your own words the torturous ordeal he went through to become a spaceman.
Q 2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Women of Today”. Your essay should have five paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph plus a conclusion. (25)
1. Lives of women in my country have changed; in the past viewed, inferior; little economic value; considered faithful wives; a total change has occurred.
2. Equal opportunities in education and jobs; their potentials recognized; women have convinced men they are equal partners; perception about women’s worth has changed; occupy important positions; make important decisions within family and outside.
3. The term housewife is obsolete today; now called housemakers when they do not work; Look after the needs of their husbands, children; prepare children for the world through positive teaching and modulating their character.
4. However, still considered the weaker sex due to physical and emotional fragility not mental; vulnerable, easily moved to tears; not suited for rough jobs; society aware of this; women not seen in very tough jobs.
5. Lives of women can be improved further in Pakistan; sacrifice should not be expected of them only; women often leave jobs for the home making; men should take part within the home also; more men are realising this.
6. Conclusion: women treated fairly/unfairly by society; increase in education is changing perception about women; their roles have been redefined.
Q3. Read the following passage from “How Many People” by Ritchie Calder and answer the questions given at the end... Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
The population quandary is obvious. The biggest factor in the changing picture is the decline in mortality which has been made possible by cheap and effective disease control. The exception is in a few areas which are remote from centres of administration and are at the moment inaccessible to life-saving devices. At the one hand more infants are being saved to live, to marry and procreate. At the other end in the advanced countries, people are living longer and the span has reached over seventy years- double the life –expectation of an Indian baby. It is neither politically practical nor morally conceivable that the people in the underdeveloped countries should be denied the amenities of modern medical progress. To discriminate against the people of such countries is tantamount to selective genocide. The experts of the United Nations did not hesitate to demand “new rationalized attitude towards procreation’ and said the basic research into the physiology of reproduction could find measures for birth limitation suitable for mass use. They said: “We are swimming against the tide of evolution but having discovered how to increase flood we have not also, through biological science, the means of arresting it. (15 Marks)
Questions: 1. What is the population quandary and how is it obvious? Discuss.
2. What is ‘selective genocide’ and what, according to the author, is tantamount to selective genocide? Explain.
3. What did the UN experts mean by ‘rationalized attitude to procreation’? Discuss.
4. Summarise in not more than 130 words the following passage in your own words. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage. (10)
Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown, depending on our moods. Animals, too, communicate much to our surprise. Just like us, interaction among animals can be both verbal and non-verbal
Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs are really rich in notes variation, encoding various kinds of messages. Songs are also used to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where they dwell and reproduce.
Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailors. Enormous whales groan and grunt, smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles and clicks. These sounds are surprisingly received by other mates as far as several hundred kilometres away.
Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals’ communication tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising he fur hackles on their necks and shoulders, while the submissive one normally ‘surrender’ to the powerful parties by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles.
Colours, which are most conspicuously found on animals, are also important means of interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the gaudiest coloured feathers often hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes, displaying proudly their feathers, attracting the opposite sex.
The alternating black and white striped coats zebras have their roles to play too. Each zebra is born with a unique set of stripes which enables its mates to recognize them. When grazing safely, their stripes are all lines up neatly so that none of them loses track of their friends. However, when danger such as a hungry lion approaches, the zebras would dart out in various directions, making it difficult for the lion to choose his target.
Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or strings, normally have brightly painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. Hoverflies and other harmless insects also make use of this fact and colour their bodies brightly in attempt to fool their predators into thinking that they are as dangerous and harmful as the wasps
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10)
interaction
Reciprocal action. Influencing the action of other members of the specie. Communication.
verbal
Oral Communication through sounds or words
melodious
Sweet or pleasant succession of sounds
variation
Change. Using different sounds
encoding
Converting the message into sound signal
keep off
To stay away from.
adventurous
Those who take risk. Inclined to undertake new and daring enterprises
Enormous
Huge. Very large
tactics
A set of maneuvers used for achieving some purpose. Strategy
Dominant
Surpassing others in power. Most prominent in position
exhibit
Show. Demonstrate
submissive
Humbly obedient. Inclined to obey orders.
conspicuously
Obviously. Noticeably. Attracting attention
gaudiest
Most gaudy. Showy. Tawdry. Bright and most attractive
alternating
To show or do by turns. One replaced by the other and back in turn.
striped
Having lines brands of different colour or texture
unique
Singular. Without an equal or. Parallel. Extraordinary.
dart
Rush forward. A sudden rapid movement.
Predators
Hunters.an animal that hunts or seizes other animals for food
English (Comp) B.A. Part II (2013)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15)
a). “The news was read with special concern in the backroom of a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio belonging to the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright.” This sentence is taken from “A cold Wind at Kitty Hawk”. Who were Orville and Wilbur Wright and which news did they read with special concern? Tell their story in your own words. (15)
OR
b) “In poise and dignity, both of spirit and demeanour, in his time, he stood above all around him, whether in Peshawar, in Delhi, or when he attended the Round Table Conference in London“. This sentence is taken from the essay “Death of a great Man”. Summarize the views expressed by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum’s contemporaries about him.
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘A rolling stone gathers no mass” Your essay should have five paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph. (25)
1. Definition of the proverb: who is a rolling stone and what is meant by gathering moss.
2. Men who constantly change their business do not succeed – success requires single-mindedness and hard work.
3. Men who are throwing one job for another fail – to go higher in in one’s job requires ;that one sticks to that job.—Men who change their jobs often remain at the lowest rung of the ladder.
4. This is also true of students --- students must stick to one subject to become scholars -- student who keeps changing his subjects will become “a jack of all subjects but master of none”.
6. But there are exceptions – adventurers, explorers, travellers are restless people – they gather no moss for themselves, they gather it for the world in the shape of new knowledge.
3 Read the following passage from “The Idea of Pakistan” by Ian Stephen and answer the questions given at the end.. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
“Islam is not merely a doctrine, but a realistic and practical code of conduct – in terms of everything importan in life—of our history, our heroes, our art, our architecture, our music, our laws, our jurisprudence. In all these things our outlook is not only fundamentally different, but often radically antagonistic to the Hindus’.”Our names, our clothes, our foods – they are all different; our economic life, our educational ideas, our treatment of women, our attitude to animals—we challenge each other at every point. Take one example, we eat cows, the Hindus worship it. Englishmen imagine this is merely picturesque convention; it is nothing of the sort….”
Pakistan, then, may be looked upon not as a militant country, poised towards proselytization or renewed conquests – in spite of Islam’s real tendencies towards such things – but essentially as a defensive one, on guard, brought into being to maintain a culture that most of her inhabitants highly value and to be a refuge to which likely-minded Muslims elsewhere on the subcontinent could go. Are not the facts of population-size, Pakistanis would ask, alone proof enough of her defensiveness? Though Hindus may well consider Islam formidable , when they look back on the past, surely Muslims looking out on the present, have even better cause for finding Hinduism so? The sub-continent contains about 380 million Hindus, but only 125 million Muslims. Or to put it differently, in terms of the 1947 frontiers, the Indian Union’s Hindus amount to about 370 million, Pakistan’s Muslims to only eighty-three million. How on such figures, Pakistaniswould ask, could any Indian honestly fear Pakistani attack? Are not the Muslims, the people to be afraid? Nor, of course, is numerical superiority the Hindus only advantage. Pakistanis would hasten to adduce other important things such as comparative industrial and financial power, and educational advancement. (15 Marks)
Questions: 4. How is the Muslim way of life different from Hindu way of life? Discuss.
5. Why does the writer consider Pakistan to be on the defensive? What reasons does he advance for this viewpoint of his?
6. What superiority does India enjoy over Pakistan? Elaborate.
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (200 words) of its original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage.
The behaviour of man is of two distinct kinds: symbolic and non-symbolic. Man yawns, stretches, coughs, scratches himself, cries out in pain, shrinks with fear, “bristles” with anger and so on. Non-symbolic behaviour of this sort is not peculiar to man; he shares it not only with the other primates but with many other animal species as well. But man communicates with his fellows with articulate speech, uses amulets, confesses sins, makes laws, observes codes of etiquette, explains his dreams, classifies his relatives in designated categories and so on. This kind of behaviour is unique, only man is capable of it. It is peculiar to man because it consists of, or is dependent upon the use of symbols. The non-symbolic behaviour of Homo Sapiens is the behaviour of the man the animal; the symbolic behaviour of man is that of the human being... It is the symbol which has transformed man from a mere animal to a human animal.
Because human behaviour is symbolic and since the behaviour of Infra-human species is non symbolic, it follows that we can learn nothing about human behaviour from observations upon or experiments with the lowest animals. Experiments with rats and apes have indeed been illuminating. They have thrown much light upon mechanisms and processes of behaviour among mammals or the higher vertebrates. But they have contributed nothing to an understanding of human behaviour because the symbol mechanism and all its of its consequences are totally lacking among the lower species. And as for neurosis in rats, it is of course interesting to know that rats can be made neurotic. But science probably had a better understanding of psychopathic behaviour among human beings before neuroses were produced experimentally in rats than they now have of the neuroses of the rats. Our understanding of human neurosis has helped us to understand those of rats; we have, as a matter of fact, Interpretted the latter in terms of human pathology. But I cannot see where the neurotic labaratory rats served to deepen or enlarge our understanding of human behaviour.
As it was with symbol that made mankind human, so it is with each member of the species. A baby is not a human being until he begins to symbol. Until the infant begins to talk there is nothing to distinguish his behaviour qulititaively from that of a very young ape, as the ape and child showed. As a matter of fact, one of the impressive results of this fascinating experiment by Professor and Mrs Kellog was the demonstration of how ape-like an infant Homo Sapiens is before he begins to talk. The baby boy acquired exceptioal proficiency in climbing in association with the little chimpanzee and even acquired her “food-bark”! The Kellogs speak of how the little ape became humanized during her sojourn in their home. But what he experiment demonstrated so conclusively was the the ape’s utter inability to learn to talk even to make any progress in this direction – in short, her inability to become humanized at all.
The infant of the species Homo Sapiens becomes human only when and as he exercises his symbol faculty. Only through articulate speech - not necessarily vocal – can he enter the world of human beings and take part in their affairs. The questions asked earlier may be repeated now . How could a growing child know and appreciate such things as social organization, ethics, eriquette, ritual, ,science, religion, art and games without symbolic communication? The answer is, of course,that he could know nothing of these things and have nor appreciation of them at all.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the highlighted words in the above passage. (10)
symbolic
non-literal, using symbols. For example words representing things
bristles
becomes stiff, hardens. In fear or anger man’s body or hair become stiff
primates
mammal including man, monkeys and apes
articulate
express ideas through speech
confesses
admits of his sins
etiquette
manners, code of conduct
Homo Sapiens
Man, human-being
Infra-human species
Animals, species inferior to man
illuminating
informative, giving information or knowledge
thrown much light upon
gave knowledge about
contributed
Added to our knowledge, increased
psychopathic
suffering from mental illness which makes people behave cruelly and violently towards others
Neurosis
A mental illness in which a person suffers strong feelings of fear and worry.
Interpreted
Explained in the light of
Pathology
Scientific study of diseases
Distinguish
Differentiate, find it different from others
As a matter of fact
Really, in reality
Fascinating
Interesting, delightful
Exceptional
Unusual, extraordinary,
Sojourn
Stay, while it lived at their home
Symbol
Representation, something that is non-literal and stands for something not directly related to it. All words that we use are symbols.
Appreciate
understand
Ethics
Moral values, the sense to distinguish between good and evil
Ritual
Religious ceremonies like offering payers, sacrifice, worship
English (Comp) B.A. Part II (2012)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15)
a). “We know that not everyone in our society is getting the best education to meet his needs and to develop his abilities…. and that the great tradition of belief in equality of opportunities was…. correct.” This sentence is taken from John Vaizey’s essay ‘Education for Tomorrow” State in your own words what he further writes about equality of opportunity in education. OR
b) “It was the worst of all. His body started spinning at a great speed and he felt as if he was in the grip of a great force that drove him through the air like a screw….. Yuri Gagarine, the man who was suffering all these terrible things was not being tortured. “These sentences are taken from the essay “First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Why was all this done to Yuri Gagarine if he was not being tortured?
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Our Culture – Three Objects that symbolise our Culture.” Your essay should have five paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph plus a conclusion. (25)
1. Introduction. What is culture? Define culture as a collection of many symbolic objects/things. (Values, beliefs, customs, traditions, festival, traditions, foods): describe three objects that symbolise our culture; explain why you selected these three specific things and no other.
2. The first object that symbolises our culture; how does it symbolise our culture? Give detailed description.
3. The second object that symbolises our culture; how does it symbolise our culture? Give detailed description;
4. The third object that symbolises our culture; how does it symbolise our culture? Give detailed description
6. Conclusion. Discuss the significance of your chosen three objects and how they make our culture different from other cultures.
3 Read the following excerpt from “Flight into Karachi” by Hector Bolitho and answer the questions. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
“You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal, and you will find that in due course of time, Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”
The words were Jinnah’s; the thought and belief were an inheritance from the Prophet who had said thirteen centuries before: “All men are equal in the eyes of God. And your lives and your properties are all sacred. In no case should you attack each other’s life and property. Today I trample under my feet all distinctions of caste, colour and nationality.”(15 Marks)
Questions: 1. What did the Quaid mean by, “Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims not in the religious sense … but in the political sense”? Discuss.
2. What does the writer mean when he says, “The words were Jinnah’s, the thought and belief were an inheritance from the Prophet PBUH? Elaborate.
3. In this great speech, the Quaid gave the Pakistani nation and ideal. What is it? Do you think Pakistan has followed that ideal or not? Discuss.
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (150 words) of the original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage.
In some parts of the world malnutrition is due rather to unbalanced diets an badly prepared food than to shortages. Because the value of proteins is not understood by some peoples their diet is often grossly unbalanced. As a result, they suffer from deficiency diseases. This reduces their ability to work efficiently. The whole thing is a vicious circle. Because the people are underfed or ill-fed, they have no reserves of physical strength: so they are more easily weakened by disease and lack energy, thus they cannot work efficiently and agricultural productivity suffers. . Inadequate production completes the circle, for the people must then go hungry.
Breaking the circle is no easy task but it must be done, for it is in these parts of the world e.g., Africa, South-West Asia and Latin America where people are underfed, that increased food production is failing to keep up with the annual increase in population. Unless something can be done to change these conditions, famine and disaster are likely to be the ultimate result.
Although millions of people in different parts of the world are crying out for food, we frequently read of huge surpluses elsewhere, perhaps of grain in North America or of fish in England. The question appears : why can’t these surpluses be used to feed the hungry? They could, but often there are certain difficulties in the way. Although a particular country might be generous and give some of its surplus away, as the United States has often done, … a country like an individual must earn its keep, and it does this by selling goods. Poor countries often cannot afford to buy food, even if they are in desperate need of it.
In addition world surpluses are usually of cereals e.g., wheat and maize, but it is not grain that is needed, but rather foodstuff such as milk, meat and fish which are rich in protein. The problem is also further aggravated by the fact that grains such wheat and maize are not those to which the underfed are accustomed and food habits are not easy to change even when people are hungry.
Let us conclude this brief account of the problem of population and food supplies by saying that the question of feeding coming generations satisfactorily is not an impossible one, even though it may present many difficulties. If for example, all the world farmers were able to raise their standards to those reached in parts of Holland or Denmark, the present world area used for agricultural purposes could support many times its present population. Progress is now being made on many fronts and great efforts are being made by many peoples but a quickening in the rate of progress and greater efforts are urgently needed.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
malnutrition grossly deficiency
efficiently. Famine frequently
disaster generous Desperate
further aggravated accustomed
quickening
malnutrition
lacking in necessary nutrients like vitamins, proteins etc.
grossly
extremely, too much
deficiency
lack of needed nutrient like proteins or vitamins
efficiently
in competent manner using capacity to work
famine
shortage of food , a widespread scarcity of food
frequently
often, many times
disaster
destruction, a heavy loss, damage
generous
bounteous, charitable, giving one’s own food etc. to others
desperate
need very badly
aggravated
become worse
accustomed
which they normally use and as such find more to their taste
quickening
increase, rise, fast progress
English (Comp) B.A. Part II (2011)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “I have not yet seen a town like Alice; perhaps the Alice is unique: but today I have seen a tell like Jericho. I am standing on the summit of the two great mounds at Charsadda.” This sentence has been taken from Toynbee’s essay ‘The Indus in Fetters”. State in your own words what he further writes about the Gandhara civilisation and Charsadda. OR
b) “We know that all the energy mankind has used comes from the sun with the exception of nuclear energy. “This sentence is taken from the essay “Direct Energy from the Sun” by Egon Larsen. Discuss the devices that the writer mentions for catching and trapping the energy from the sun.
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Women of Today’. Your essay should have six paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph. (25)
1. Introduction. Lives of women in my country have changed. In the past , viewed inferior ; little economic value; considered faithful housewives only. A total change has occurred.
2. Equal opportunities in education and jobs: their potentials recognized; women have convinced men they are equal partners; perceptions about women’s worth has changed; occupy important positions: make important decisions within family and outside.
3. The term housewife is obsolete today: now called house-makers when they do not work; look after the needs of their husbands, children; prepare children for the world through positive teaching and modulating their character;
4. However still considered weaker sex due to physical and emotional fragility not mental: vulnerable easily moved to tears; not suited for rough jobs: society aware of this; women not seen in seen in tough jobs;
5. Lives of women can be further improved in Pakistan. Sacrifice should not be expected of them only; women often leave jobs for the home-making; men should take part within the home also; more men are realising this now
6. Conclusion. women having treated fairly unfairly by society; increase in education is changing perception about women. Their roles have been redefined, etc.
3 Read the following passage from the essay “How Many People” by Ritchie Calder and answer the questions given at the end. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
The population quandary is obvious. The biggest factor in the changing picture is the decline in mortality which has been made possible by cheap and effective disease control. The exception is in a few areas which are remote from centres of administration and are at the moment inaccessible to life-saving devices. At the one end, more infants are being saved to live, to marry and to procreate. At the other end, in the developed countries, people are living longer and the span has reached over seventy years – double the life expectation of an Indian baby. It is neither politically practical nor morally conceivable that the people in the underdeveloped countries should be denied the amenities of modern medical progress. To discriminate against the people of such countries is tantamount to selective genocide. The experts of the United Nations did not hesitate to demand ‘new rationalised attitude towards procreation’ and said that the basic research into the physiology of reproduction could find measures for birth limitation suitable for mass use. They said, “We are swimming against the tide of evolution but having discovered how to increase the flood, we have not also, through biological science, the means of arresting it.”
1. What is the population quandary and how is it obvious? Discuss.
2. What is selective genocide and what, according to the author, is tantamount to selective genocide? Explain.
3. What did the UN experts mean by ‘rationalised attitude to procreation’? Discuss
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (140 words) of the original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage. (10)
The qauestion of health,both physical and mental, is always one of the reasons for failure. If an adequate health seervice is available in the college, and if proper cooeration exists between the teaching staff and the office of the college doctor, an immense number of failures can be avoided, and what is just as important, the reason for inabilty to do satisfactory college work can be clearly understood by the boy, his parents and the college authorities. In the case of poor academic work, the reason for which is not apparent, it is my custom alsways to ask the student to undergo a thorough physical examination. It is surprising to find out in how large a pecentage of cases the university physician finds an adeqate reason for the difficulty. Tuberculosis, bad tonsils, sleeping sickness, poo digestionn various forms of mental and nervous difficulty have been brought to light by the doctor ....... to the unspeakable relief of the student and enlightment of the faculty.
There are alway a goodly number of undergraduates whose head are turned and whose judgement is perverted by the attractiveness of athletic sports and literary (so called) activity. All of these features koof college life have their place, and should receive the support of thos estudents who are interested in them. In my experience, the awakening of a clear judment as to what the college is for , is not as difficult as is often ssupposed. If a boy is too much interested in thses side shows he ought to get out of the main test and become professional. But most of them really are not, and if reasoned with by a friend who knows youth and understands the importance of the college opportunity, they will not allow themselves to be swept off their feet by athletics. I do not that this sort of thing is as serious reason for failure as do some the critics of our colleges who see mthings from the outside and at a long range.
A few lazy bluffers drift into college and drift out again. Most of them have not found any serious interest in life and some of them never will. It is usually wise to let them retire to to the cold world for a reason and find out by experience how much demand there is for a lazy bluffer. Sometimes they learn their lesson and return to do first rate work. But the burden of proof is always on then to show that they mean business.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
Immense number
A very large number of students
Apparent
Clear, evident,
Custom
Practice, routine
Brought to light
Discover, explain, make clear
Unspeakable relief
Indescribable satisfaction
Enlightenment
Knowledge, information,
Goodly number
Many, a large number
Whose heads are turned
Who behave rudely due to pride
Perverted
Become defective, gone bad
Swept off their feet
Become proud
Lazy bluffers
Students who are too lazy to work and try to deceive others that they are working hard
Drift
Go away. Leave the college
The cold world
World outside the college which puts them to task
The burden of proof
It is now the students’ responsibility to prove that they are really studious and eager to learn
English (Comp) Part II (2010)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “In the life time of younger politicians of today, the Demographic Revolution, which takes no account of political ideologies, will have completely changed the pattern of world politics.” This sentence has been taken from Richie Calder’s essay ‘How Many People’. State in your own words in what ways population growth will change world politics. . OR
b) “Yuri Gagarine, the man who was suffering all these terrible things , was not being tortured. He had asked for the experience and he could go any moment he liked. He was training to be a spaceman.’ This sentence has been taken from the essay “The First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Narrate in your own words the torturous ordeal he went through to become a spaceman.
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Competitive swimming’. Your essay should have FIVE paragraphs with each point developed into a paragraph plus an introduction and a conclusion.
1. Introduction.
2. Competitive swimming provides same benefits as other sports: it is good exercise and builds muscular strength; it promotes cooperation among team members.
3. Competitive swimming provides some additional benefits: swimming is an important skill that can be used forever; there is a reduces risk of injury; each swimmer can easily chart his or her own progress.
4. I regularly watch swimming competition on TV whether Olympic, World Cup competitions or local. I enjoy them all.
5. Conclusion.
3 Read the following passage from the essay “The Idea of Pakistan” and answer the questions given at the end. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
“Islam is not merely a religious doctrine, but a realistic code of conduct – in terms of everything important in life: of our history, our heroes, our art, our architecture, our music, our laws, our jurisprudence. In all these things, our outlook is not only fundamentally different, but often radically antagonistic, to the Hindu’s. Our names, our clothes, our foods – they are all different; our economic life, our educational ideas, our treatment of women, our attitude to animals – we challenge each other at every point. Take one example. We eat cow, the Hindus worship it. Englishmen imagine this is merely a picturesque convention; it is nothing of the sort.”
Pakistan, then, may be looked on not as a militant country, poised towards proselytisation or renewed conquests – in spite of Islam’s real latent tendencies towards such thing – but essentially a as a defensive one, on guard, brought into being to maintain a culture that most of her inhabitants highly value; and to be a refuge to which likeminded Muslims elsewhere on the subcontinent could go. Are not the facts of population size, Pakistanis would ask, alone proof enough of this defensiveness? Though Hindus may well consider Islam formidable, when they look back on the past, surely Muslims, looking out on the present, have even better cause for finding Hinduism so. The subcontinent contains about 380 million Hindus, but only 125 million Muslims. Or, to put it differently, in terms of the 1947 frontiers, the India Union’s Hindus amount to about 370 million, Pakistan’s Muslims to only eighty three million. How, on such figures, Pakistanis would ask, could any Indian honestly fear Pakistani attack? Are not the Muslims the people to be afraid? Nor, of course, is numerical superiority the Hindus’ only advantage. Pakistanis would hasten to adduce other important things, such as comparative industrial and financial power, and educational advancement.
1. How is the Muslim way of life different from the Hindu way of life? Discuss.
2. Why does the writer consider Pakistan to be on the defensive? What reasons does he advance for this viewpoint of his?
3. What superiority does India enjoy over Pakistan? Elaborate?
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (110 words) of the original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage. (10)
For a decade and a half after WWII, there was optimisim in the world that we had solved, or that technology would help us solve, the old problems of hunger, disease, illiteracy – even intolerance But in the 1970’s two new realities become all too clear: one, technological progress has created new problems like pollution, unequal distribution of the benefits of modernity, and an uneasiness about the new world we have created; and two, this advance has affected only about a quarter of the world’s people. The other 75 percent is still involved in the old and bitter struggles; this is the world of the underdeveloped nations,
The picture of this underdeveloped world is a grim one. The majority of its population lives without what are considered the barest essentials in the Western world. There is a precarious balance between the amount of food available and the number of mouths to be fed; disease usually results in early death or permanent debilitation. Vagarant children fight the flies for food in the streets of Tehran; in Calcutta there are homeless masses whose only sleeping places are the city’s streets and sidewalks. For a billion and three quarter inhabitants of South Asia, the annual per capita income is only a little more than $ 100 – less than the increase in earnings reported in 1969 by the North Atlantic communities. In 1950, the lower two-third of the world’s population earned only 13 percent of the total world income; by 1970, this share had fallen to below 11 percent. The situation, in brief, grows worse not better.
Most of the underdeveloped world lies in in the Southern and Eastern parts of the globe, but it has not been thus, for centuries Europe looked to the East for riches, and the misery and poverty now epidemic in Africa were not known 200 years ago. The reasons for this tragic transition are various, chief among them the population problem, the food crisis, and the aftermath of colonialism. (330 words)
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
decade
a period of ten years
optimism
hope that things will get better
intolerance
bitter
causing sorrow, sad, tragic
grim
dark, serious, grave
barest
minimum, badly needed
precarious
dangerous, full of risks
debilitation
physical disability,
vagrant
having no permanent home, in other words homeless
epidemic
widespread
transition
change from one into another situation
aftermath
consequence, result
colonialism
rule by a foreign country, imperialism
(Comp) Part II (2009)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “The term ‘Pathan’ is the Indian mispronunciation of the name the Pathans give themselves- Pakhtun.” This sentence has been taken from the essay, “The Pakhtuns” by Peter Mayne. State in your own words the history of the Pakhtuns and the unique characteristics that the writer ascribes to them.
OR
b) “Pakistan, then, may be looked on not as a militant country ….” This sentence has been taken from Ian Stephen’s “The Idea of Pakistan”. Relate In your own words the argument that the author gives to bridge the gap between the Western intelligentsia’s misgivings and the spirit behind the creation of Pakistan.
2. Develop the following points into an essay of about 800 words on ’Energy Crisis in Pakistan.’ (25)
1. Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis and its oil consumption has gone up mainly due to law and order problem and low hydal power production.
2. Pakistan’s energy requirements are expected to double in the next five years.
3. The country may plunge in energy crisis in the near future due to rising electricity demand.
4. The country needs a quantum jump in electricity generation to avert the possibilities of load shedding in the future.
5. WAPDA makes us believe that the present energy crisis in the country is because we have failed to build new dams.
6. There has been a global trend to shift away from oil because of its rising prices.
7. Pakistan produces very little of its power through two reactors.
8. There is a large scale application of coal for power generation around the world.
9. In addition to the option of using nuclear plants and coal for power production alternative energy sources are also available including wind and energy.
10. Smaller windmills are also very feasible for remote villages, deserts, and mountainous and coastal areas.
11. Pakistan needs to explore all possibilities of generating more electricity to save the country.
3 Read the following passage from the essay, “Education for Tomorrow“ and answer the questions given at the end of the passage. Your answers must be in your own words. (15)
The new knowledge makes it necessary to re-examine the whole concept of ‘equality of opportunity’. Mr. Anthony Crossland has recently drawn a vital distinction between “weak” and the “strong” definition of equal opportunity. The weak definition (which has always been accepted as the only definition up to now) is that all children of equal (measured) ability should have roughly the same start in life. The strong definition takes account of recent psychological knowledge, which points out the ability is largely acquired, and that a child can become more or less intelligent according to the kind of family he has and the social and educational experience he receives. It asserts that subject to differences in heredity and infantile experience every child should have the same opportunity for acquiring measured intelligence in so far as this can be controlled action.
This is clearly a revolutionary principle. It means a rapid shift towards creating a society where every child has a good home, which in turn means, as an integral part of the educational process, eliminating low incomes, bad housing, and badly educated parents. It means sending every child to a good school till he is at least seventeen, and as far as possible eliminating any final decisions before that age as to his future education and job in order not to narrow his academic field too early. In practice it would suggest, for example, that if boarding schools have anything to give, (which I doubt except for a tiny minority) it should be given to the culturally deprived and not to the well-endowed.
1. What vital distinction does Anthony Crosland draw between the strong and weak definitions of equal opportunity?
2. What, according to the passage, does acquired measured intelligence mean?
3. What reservations does the author have about the concept of equal opportunity and why does he call it a revolutionary principle?
4. Summarise the following passage into one third of the original passage. You must not reproduce sentences from the original passage. (10)
In what now seem like the prehistoric times of computer history, the early post-war era, there was a quite widespread concern that computer would take over the world from man one day. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also foreseen problem. People seem to be over-trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority. Indeed they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed, or a computer may simply malfunction.
Obviously there would be no point in investing a computer if you had to check all the answers but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have feeling that something has gone wrong. Questioning and routine double checks must be continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the following warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
widespread
very common, believed by a large number of people
concern
worry, a kind of fear or doubt about something
relieving
making us free from doing things
foreseen
known before, quite expected
reluctant
not willing to do
authority
superior knowledge, expertise
aware
have knowledge, know
malfunction
not work correctly
investing
spending a lot of money on computers in the hope that it will be good for business
rely
depend, make use of
internal computers
brains, mental ability, intelligence
substitute
something that replaces another thing
English (Comp) Part II (2008)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “The business street of Peshawar are highly specialised. One is for shoes, another for headgear, yet another for cloth. ” This sentence has been taken from the essay “Peshawar” by J. Spain. State in your own words the description of these streets. OR
b) “In poise and dignity, both of spirit and demeanour, in his time he stood above all around him, whether in Peshawar, in Delhi or when he attended the Round Table Conference in London.” This sentence occurs in the “Death of a great Man”. Summarise the views expressed by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum’s contemporaries about him.
2. Develop the following points into an well-organised, coherent, essay of about 500 words on ”Failure of Democracy in Pakistan”. Your essay should have eight paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph.(25)
1. Definition of democracy - the concept of sovereignty of the people and its acceptance by all. How is this sovereignty established and guaranteed?
2. What makes democracy effective is the political process – democracy within parties, democracy at grass-root level which makes people become aware of their problems and strive to solve them.
3 People’s participation and their empowerment to handle their affairs directly is an important aspect of democracy – administered by their representatives and not by bureaucrats.
4. Democracy did not take roots in Pakistan due to lack of political education and widespread mass illiteracy. We find elites, feudal lords and crony capitalists as political leaders in Pakistan – none from amongst the people.
5. The absence of democratic political process is another reason for the failure of democracy in Pakistan – no democracy within political parties, no enrolment and education of political supporters and workers; leadership is mostly a family affair.
6. Most unfortunate is the lack of political education among the party leadership; they lack vision and mission; they do not know how to tackle divisions on provincial, linguistic and ethnic basis; religious sectarianism and violence, and to rescue the nation from the grip of feudal culture, castes and tribes.
7. Moreover, after the partition, making of the constitution was delayed; the political process did not start in earnest, and even if did, it was subverted now and again.
8. Thus democracy could not take roots in Pakistan, for it was not properly planted. The ground has to be well prepared in order for democracy to take roots: how could the ground be prepared for it.
3 Read the following passage from the essay “The Responsibilities of Youth” a speech by the Quaid-e-Azam, and answer the questions given at the end. Answers must be in your own words. (15 Marks)
Now that you have achieved your goal, that is a government of your own, and a country which belongs to you and in which you can live as free men, your responsibilities, and your approach to the political, social and economic problems must also change.
The duties required of you are to develop a sound sense of discipline, character, initiative and a solid academic background.
You must devote yourselves whole-heartedly to your studies, for that is your first obligation to yourselves, your parents and to your state. You must first learn to obey , for only then you can learn to command.
In your criticism of government, you must learn to be constructive. Government welcomes constructive criticism.
You can make a big contribution towards bringing about harmony and unity where for personal and selfish considerations, some people may adopt courses which are likely to lead to disruption and disunity.
Remember that your government is like your garden. Your garden flourishes by the way you look after it and the efforts you put toward its improvement. Similarly your government can only flourish by your patriotic, honest and constructive efforts to improve it.
I am not making a particular reference to you, but now that I have had the opportunity of talking to you, I must warn you not to allow your actions to be guided by ill-digested information or slogans or catch-words. Do not take them to heart or repeat them parrot-like. Take advantage of your period of training that this institution offers you by equipping yourselves to become leaders of the future generation.
1. What, according to the Father of the Nation, are the duties and responsibilities of the youth? What is their first duty?
2. What are the causes of disruption in Pakistan, and how can the youth of Pakistan make a big contribution towards bringing harmony in Pakistan?
3. What warning did the Quaid give to the youth of Pakistan?
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (150 words) of its original length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (15)
Some hallowed myths about the history of the family are being destroyed. We used to think that before the industrial revolution, extended kin-networks spanning several generations commonly lived together under the same roof. The nuclear family – consisting of husband, wife, and children by themselves – was pictured as a distinctly recent creation, itself a major symptom of family breakdown. But now we know that the nuclear family has been the norm throughout American history,from earliest colonial times, and in England as well since at least the sixteenth century. In fact some scholars question whether extended kin networks have ever normally bedded down together no matter how far back one goes in the record of Western Europe. In this important sense, there has been far less change than one might have imagined. Indeed some evidence exists - more in England than in America – that the first phase of industrialization brought families closer together, as relatives huddled in closely shared quarters to pool their scant resources. Of course, physical crowding does not always make for domestic peace, and such crowding was traditional for most people in both rural and urban surroundings. All in all, it is far from clear that a “golden age” for the family lies anywhere in the past, at least short of the extremes to be found in tribal and peasant societies. In every period, family life has had its drawbacks.
The key change involves attitudes prevailing within the nuclear family. Genuinely new, beginning in the eighteenth century among the aristocracy and spreading gradually across the whole of the society, was the rise of the ideal of romantic love. It is astonishing to realize that the expectations of the love as a necessary attribute of marriage is so recent. Before then marriage had been entered into much more matter-of-factly (or for property-oriented advantages among the wealthy). It was a custom to which one automatically submitted, making do with whoever of the correct social level might be locally available. Recently marriage has been made into a far more deliberate (in that sense, voluntary) act. Much higher emotional stakes therefore enter into it. In the present century, for the first time in history, it has come to be considered actually wrong to go on living with someone whom one does not love. This far more demanding expectation about the nature of marriage may lie at the root of the rising divorce rate and also tell us the most about what is distinctive in the meaning and function of the family in our own time. Our impression of the instability or breakdown of the family derives largely from the new kind of burden we have placed on it in these psychological terms. (448 words)
V. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words/ phrases in the above passage. (10)
Hallowed
respected highly because believed to be very important or very old.
Revolution
a sudden and great change in customs etc. Here it refers to the change in the methods of production introduced by invention of machine power.
kin-networks
relatives and family members who work together in the same trade.
symptom
a physical or mental change which indicates that something is wrong with the state of affairs.
norm
something which is widely accepted in a society as the correct behaviour etc.
huddled
standing close to each other; here living together in the same house
pool
deposit with one person or put together for shared use by all the members
scant
very little and not enough, small in quantity, meagre
peasant
A class of people who earn their living by growing crops, farmers
drawbacks
shortcomings, disadvantages, negative effects of something
matter-of-factly
in a realistic manner, with an eye on the material advantages
making do
managing, trying to make it a success; here trying to live with a wife even though she is not a suitable match in terms of education and likes and dislikes
deliberate
intentional, well- thought of
stakes
risks that one has to face (in such a marriage)
distinctive
clearly separate and different from other; here the different meaning and function of family from the old notion about it
English (Comp) Part II (2007)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. East and West (15) a). “I had had time to develop a love for them as people. I wanted to see them again, particularly certain of them whom I still thought of as friends,” says Peter Mayne about Pakhtuns in his essay “The Pakhtuns”. Explain in your own words Mayne’s views about Pakhtuns. OR
b) Egon Larsen in his essay ‘Direct Energy from the Sun’ says “The most primitive device for catching and trapping the heat of the Sun is the gardener’s greenhouse. Its modern offspring is the solar water- heater, usually a coil of pipes placed in a shallow box on the roof of a house, embedded in black concrete (black accepts the sun rays more easily, white reflects them) and covered with a glass pane.” In your own words describe some of the ways in which we can get more energy from the sun.
2. Develop the following points into an essay of not less than 500 words on ”Corruption”. (25)
1. Corruption is one of the worst evils facing our society today.
2. There is hardly any field of life where there is no corruption.
3.. There are different kinds of corruption..
4. All forms of corruption are bad as corruption deprives the deserving of their due right.
5. Academic or educational corruption is the worst.
6. Cheating is one of the kinds of academic corruption.
7. Cheating promotes incompetency and deprives talented students of their rights.
8. Cheating is stealing. Islam strictly forbids stealing but still cheating is very common in our society.
9. Corruption is bad because it supports incompetence.
10. We have to stop cheating and the best way to do that is to begin with ourselves.
3 Read the following passage from “Iqbal’s Message” by S.A. Vahid and answer the questions given at the end of the passage. Please make sure that the answers are in your own words. (15 Marks)
After a long and careful study of Islamic Law I have come to the conclusion that if this system of Law is properly understood and applied, at least the right to subsistence is secured to everybody. But the enforcement and development of the Shariat of Islam is impossible in this country without a free Muslim state or states. This has been my honest conviction for many years and I still believe this to be the only way to solve the problems of bread for Muslims as well as to secure a peaceful India. If such a thing is impossible in India the only other alternative is a civil war which as a matter of fact has been going on for some time in the shape of Hindu-Muslim riots. I fear that in certain parts of the country,e.g., N-W. India, Palestine may be repeated.
1. What exactly would ensure the right to subsistence to everybody?
2. What is essential for the solution of the problem of bread for Muslims and for a peaceful India?
3. Write down in your own words all the problems that Allama Iqbal believes will emerge in India without a free Muslim state or states.
4. Summarise the following passage in about one third of the original. Do not reproduce the original sentences from the passage. (10)
The defects of ordinary system of mass education are many. They may be briefly summarized as follows. First, the system of teaching in large classes is rigid. No allowance is made for the peculiar mental constitution of the individual child, who is sacrificed to the average of the class. The class and the fixed curriculum are like the bed of Procrustes in the story: those who are too long for the bed are cut down they fit; and those who are too short are stretched. The child who is quick and talented in one subject but not in others is compelled under the current system of mass education to sacrifice his talents to his defficiencies. Thus a child may have a great talent for English and none for arithmetic.
Second, under the present system of mass education by classes, too much stress is laid on teaching and little on learning. The child is not encouraged to discover things on his own account. He learns to rely on outside help, not on his own powers. Thus he loses intellectual independence and all capacity to judge for himself. Moreover lessons in class leave him mainly unoccupied and therefore bored. He has to be forced into learning what does not interest him. The information acquired mechanically and reluctantly by dint of brute repetition is rapidly forgotten. Third, the child being bored and unoccupied is also mischievous. A strict external discipline becomes necessary, unless there is to be confusion. The child learns to obey, not to control himself. He loses moral as well as intellectual independence.
1. 5. Explain the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words and phrases. (10 Marks)
defects
shortcoming, faults
rigid
too strict allowing now choice
peculiar
particular
constitution
shape, nature, style of thinking or behaving
talented
extra-ordinarily intelligent
compelled
forced, made to follow against their will
deficiencies
shortcomings, what he lacks, what he does not possess
stress
too much importance is given
rely on
depend on
intellectual independence
deciding independently, mentally free to act
capacity
ability
acquired
that he learns in the process
reluctantly
unwillingly, against his better judgement
dint
force
brute
cruel, harsh, unpleasant
English BA Part II (2006)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “The work that Pavlov had been doing on digestion led him on to a new subject for research and to new discoveries.” This sentence has been taken from the essay on Pavlov. Describe Pavlov’s scientific experiments and achievements.
OR
b) “We know that not everyone in our society is getting the best possible education to meet his needs and to develop his abilities.” This sentence has been taken from John Vaizey’s essay “Education for Tomorrow”. What reforms does Vaizey advocate to make education available to all and useful for all.
2. Develop the following points into an essay of about 500 words on ”Justice is Truth in Action”. (25)
1. Justice and truth interdependent and closely related – no justice without truth – truth in thought and intention begets justice in action.
2. Justice is incidental to law and order.
3.. justice requires equitable and enlightened laws applicable to all – no one above law – the law is reason free from passion.
4. For there to be justice there should be no favoured individuals or classes or religious and ethnic groups.
5. Justice requires constant accountability.
6. Justice means full remuneration for a man’s work and provision in the constitution for the satisfaction of the basic needs of all citizens as members of a modern civilized society..
7. Legal justice must be preceded by social and economic justice. There can be no justice where the society is divided between the very rich and the very poor.
8. For justice freedom of thought and expression is absolutely necessary. There must be freedom of the press.
9. There can be justice only when the government is made responsive to the needs of the people.
10. There can be no justice in a dictatorial or theocratic state, where there are no guaranteed fundamental human rights, no freedom and no quality of men and women, believers and non-believers.
3 Read the following passage from “The Flight into Karachi” by Hector Bolitho and write answers to the questions given after the passage. (10 Marks)
While Quaid-e-Azam was caught up in this exasperating care of detail, he was also writing the greatest speech of his life. He would leave this fault finding expeditions to return to his desk, where he worked for many hours on the Presidential Address he was to give to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11. On that day he said to his people:
“You are free, You are free to go to your temples, You are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or cast or creed – that has nothing to do with the fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal, and you will find that in course of time, Hindus would cease to be Hindus, and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”
1. Does religion have any role to play in politics and state affairs? What was the Quaid’s view?
2. What did the Quaid mean when he said: “Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims.”
3. Was M.A. Jinnah of the view that the Hindus (having opposed the creation of Pakistan) should not have the same status and rights in Pakistan as the Muslims?
4. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. Do not merely reproduce sentences from the original passage. (15)
Mankind is faced with an alternative which has never before arisen in human history; either war must be renounced or we must expect the annihilation of the human race. Many warnings have been uttered by the eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain.
What I think may be taken as certain is that already there is no possibility of victory for either side as victory has been hitherto understood, and if scientific warfare continues unrestricted, the next war would pretty certainly have no survivors.
The series of steps which I am suggesting will help us, I believe, to reach the happier alternative. But before considering these steps, I should like to comment on a point of view, advanced, as I think mistakenly, by genuine friends of peace who say that we need an agreement between the Powers never to use nuclear weapons. I believe the attempt to secure such an agreement to be a blind alley for two reasons. One of these is that such weapons can now be manufactured with a degree of secrecy that defies inspection. It follows that, even if an agreement prohibiting such weapons had been concluded, each side would think that the other was secretly making them and mutual suspicions would make relations even more strained than what they are now.
The other argument is that even if each side refrained from manufacturing such weapons while nominal peace lasted, neither side would feel bound by the agreement if war had actually broken out, and each side could manufacture many H-bombs after the fighting had begun.
There are many people who flatter themselves that in a war H-bombs would not be actually used. They point to the fact that gas was not used in the Second World War. I am afraid that this is a complete delusion. Gas was not used because it was found to be indecisive and gas masks offered protection. The H-bomb, on the contrary, is a decisive weapon against which, so far, no defence has been discovered. It follows that we must prevent large scale wars or perish. In short, the abolition of the H-bombs, which is a thing we must all desire, can only come profitably after both sides have come together in a sincere attempt to put an end to hostile relations between the two blocks. How can this be obtained?
Before any universal contracts and measures become possible two things must be achieved: first all powerful states must realise that their aims, whatever, they may be, cannot be achieved by war; second, as a consequence of the universality of this realization , the suspicion on either side that other is preparing for war must be allayed.
5. Explain the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words and phrases. (10 Marks)
alternative
the choice between two course of actions
renounced
disown, reject, decide not involve in war
annihilation
extinction, complete destruction, completely wiped out,
eminent
famous, well renowned, distinguished, those who enjoy great fame because of their learning
hitherto
so far, till very recently but no longer now
blind alley
dead end, impossible to succeed, bound to fail
defies inspection.
not possible to keep a check on
mutual suspicions
mistrust on both sides, neither of the country feels sure of the other side
refrained
desist, avoid doing something, stop producing
nominal
in name only, supposed but not real,
delusion
illusion, false belief, mistaken idea
indecisive
inconclusive, not likely to bring victory
perish
cease to exist, to be extinct, to be destroyed
abolition
to stop producing,
hostile
harsh, unfriendly, showing enmity
consequence
as a result, because of
suspicion
lack of trust, feeling that the other side is not fair in its commitment and is trying to deceive
English (Comp) Part II (2005)
Marks: 75 Time Allowed: 3 hours
Q 1. East and West (15) (a) “His body started spinning at a great speed, and he was in the grip of a great force that drove him through the air like a screw. His head felt very heavy.” These lines have been taken from “The First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Discuss in detail the various experiences that Yuri Gagarin went through. (15 marks)
OR
(b) “The term Pathan is the Indian mispronunciation of the name Pakhtuns give themselves – who these people are is another matter.” These lines have been taken from the essay “The Pakhtuns|” by Peter Mayne .State in your own words the description offered by the writer.
Q 2. Develop the following points into a well-organized essay of about 500 words on ”Life is a constant struggle”. (25 Marks)
1. All the great people in the world were men of action.
2. The hardship in struggle is followed by rewards.
3. Shortcut and foul means to success are short-lived.
4. The Holy Prophet’s life is an apt example of struggle.
5. The West’s advancement is the fruition of their constant struggle in the realms of science and technology.
6. Those who struggle always leave behind those who only contemplate.
7. Struggle should not be geared towards selfish motives.
8. Struggle without the well-being of others lead to injustice and social disparity.
9. The objectives of struggle should lead to upholding one’s moral and social values.
Q 3. Read the following passage from “The Idea of Pakistan” in East and West and write answers to the given questions at the end. (10 Marks)
The amount of dogma in Islam is, in fact, relatively small: much less than in Christianity. There are few bewildering items such as Trinity for a doubter to swallow. And the image formed by the western intellectuals over the years of a theocratic Pakistan must have been helped by the much publicized remarks of that Edwardian-style agnostic and Leftist from Harrow and Cambridge ….. who happens also to be a Hindu and Brahman. For the links between the Indian Congress Party and the British Leftists have been intimate for more than forty years. – at times greatly to the former’s advantage. Nevertheless no major Muslim State except Pakistan has associated itself with the word Islamic in quite this way, not Indonesia, her only rival in population strength; nor any of the (to the Western eye) better known ones bordering the Mediterranean. Turkey indeed – Pakistan’s military ally – has taken precisely the opposite path, putting Islam under vigorous duress through Ataturk’s reforms; abolishing the Caliphate, excluding theologians from participation in politics, banning many things characteristic of tradition Muslim way of life such as Arabic script, purdah for women and public use by men of brimless headgear such as fez, a necessity when at prayers; and unequivocally declaring herself as a secular state of western type. What are we to make of so striking a contrast?|
1. What does the writer mean by the sentence “There are few bewildering items such as Trinity for a doubter to swallow”? Explain.
2. Who publicized Pakistan as a theocratic state, and how did it help him?
3. In the last line of the above passage the writer asks “What are we to make of so striking a contrast?” What does he refer to? Explain.
Q 4 Summarise the following passage to one third of its length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (15 Marks)
The plague of locusts, one of the most awful visitations to which the countries included in the Roman Empire were exposed, extended from the Atlantic to Ethiopia, from Arabia to India, and from Nile and Red Sea to Greece and the north of Asia Minor. Instances are recorded in History of clouds of devastating insects crossing the Black Sea to Poland and the Mediterranean to Lombardy. It is as numerous in its species as it is wide in its range of territory. Brood follows brood with a sort of family likeness. It wakens into existence and activity as early as the month of March. But instances are not wanting of its appearance as late as June. Even one flight comprises myriads upon myriads passing imagination to which the drops of rain or the sands of the sea are the only fit comparison.; and hence it is almost a proverbial mode of expression in the East, by way of describing a vast invading army, to liken it to the locusts. So dense are they, when upon the wing, that it is no exaggeration to say that they hide the sun. And so ubiquitous are they that when they have alighted upon the earth, they simply cover or clothe its surface.
5. Explain the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage (Q 4) (10 Marks)
awful
frightening, something that causes fear or terror; one is terrified to see such a large number of locusts landing on fields
exposed
faced the danger; these countries could not protect themselves against locust’s attack.
instances
examples;
devastating
destructive, locusts cause a heavy and widespread damage
numerous
in a very large number
wanting
absence or lack of something, locusts normally appear in March but there are instances of their appearance till as late as in June
brood
the young generation of locusts, insects which have hatched recently.
myriad
so large in number that one cannot count them, hundreds of thousands in number
proverbial
described metaphorically, locusts are so large in number that often large armies of enemies are referred to as locusts.
invading
attacking a country,
dense
Thick, they are so close to each other that one cannot see through them
exaggeration
overstatement, if we say that locust cover the sky it may appear overrating them and presenting them as much larger in number
ubiquitous
present everywhere, the locusts seem to be present all over
alight
to land and settle on earth after ending their flight
English (Comp) Part II (2004)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Q I. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “The helicopter has fully borne out its inventor’s promise and prediction that it could prove to be a faithful servant of the peaceful progress of humanity.” This sentence has been taken from “Anything a Horse can Do.” Relate all you have learnt about Sikorsky and his efforts to invent the helicopter.
OR
(b) “You will find that in the course of time Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense because that is personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the new state.” This sentence of the Quaid-e-Azam has been taken from “Flight into Karachi”, a chapter from the book “Jinnah, the Creator of Pakistan” by Hector Bolitho. On the basis of this chapter give a detailed account of the kind of political system, constitution and government that Mr. Jinnah wanted for Pakistan.
Q 2. Develop the following points into a coherent and well organized essay of about 800 words on “War – an Unmixed Evil.” (25 Marks)
1. Just as it is a crime to attack another man and occupy his house and property so it is a crime for a nation to go to war with another nation and occupy its land.
2. War solves no problems; it rather increases and complicates the problems manifold.
3. It is absolutely false to say as did the pre-Second World War politicians that “War is a continuation of policy”. There is no alternative to peaceful and serious political dialogue and negotiations until the solution is found.
4. Spending huge sums of money on what is called defence leaves no money at all for much more important things like education, health, improving the lot of the poor.
5. The importance given to war and preparation for war paves the way for the rise of military dictators who destroy the constitution and public institutions and enslave and exploit the nation for their own selfish ends.
6. War brings terrible loss of life and property and untold sufferings, not only to the vanquished but also the victor, not only to the fighting forces but also much more so the civilians.
7. War destroys the economy of the belligerent nations and retards their progress and developments for decades.
8. The common men all over the world are against wars and want to live in peace and friendship with their neighbours. They have the same problems and needs and want to live like brothers and cooperate with one another.
9. The only group of people who benefit from war are the manufacturers of armaments. They bribe the politicians and create war hysteria among the people.
10. Modern warfare is fundamentally different from old wars. A nuclear war will leave no victor and no vanquished – in fact there will be no humanity left on this earth.
Q 3. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. No credit will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (15 Marks)
Can science survive when we separate it from the superstitions which nourished its infancy? The indifference of science to philosophy has been due, of course, to its amazing success. It has increased the sense of human power and has therefore been on the whole agreeable in spite of its occasional conflict with theological orthodoxy. But in quite recent times science has been driven by its own problems to take an interest in philosophy. This is essentially true of the theory of relativity with its emergence of space and time into the single space-time order of events. But it is true also of the theory of quanta with its apparent need of discontinuous motion. Also in another sphere, physiology and bio-chemistry are making inroads on psychology which threatens philosophy in a vital spot. Dr. Watson’s Behaviourism is the spearhead of this attack which, while it involves the opposite of respect for philosophic tradition, nevertheless necessarily rests upon a new philosophy of its own. For such reasons science and philosophy can no longer preserve an armed neutrality but be either friends or foes. The cannot be friends unless science can pass the examination which philosophy must set as to its premises. If they cannot be friends, they can only destroy each other. It is no longer possible that either alone can remain master of the field.
Q 4. Read the following passage from John Vaizey’s essay “Education for Tomorrow” and write answers to the questions given after the passage. No marks will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10 Marks)
One of the great drives towards improvement in education has always come from the passionate concern of reformers with equality. Quite recently this was defined simply as equality of opportunity- that given the opening those with intelligence would rise to the top. It was believed that there were many working-class girls and boys who, if offered the chance could become great statesmen, great scientists or great writers. One or two in a thousand could be identified and rescued – the rest would be left. Scholarships were created to provide places for children of high ability, largely from the white-collar working class. Gradually with the growth of sophistication in genetic ideas and techniques for measuring ability, it became clear that a great deal of talent of the highest level was in fact lost by inegalitarian systems if education. The idea that equality of opportunity might mean opportunity to develop any abilities a child might have, even if this did not lie solely in the intellectual field, is much more modern interpretation of this phrase. It is only recently that it has become accepted that every child is entitled to an adequate education, though at the present moment only the top five per cent of intelligence distribution gain an education which is in any aspect equivalent to that especially provided for middle class children by their parents.
1. What was the old meaning of the phrase ‘equality of opportunity’?
2. What is the modern interpretation of ‘equality of opportunity’?
3. Why does the writer consider the existing system of education to be inegalitarian?
4. What changes and reforms the writer suggest to make education just and beneficial for all?
5. What has been recently accepted about child’s education?
Q 5. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words or phrases in the given passage. (10 Marks)
The conception of an honest politician is not altogether a simple one. The most tolerant definition is one whose political decisions are not dictated by a desire to increase his own income. In this sense, Mr. Lloyd George is honest. The next stage would be the man whose political actions are not dictated by a desire to secure or preserve his own power any more than by pecuniary motives. In this sense Lord Gray is an honest politician. The last and most stringent sense is one who in his public actions is not only disinterested but does not fall very far below the standard of veracity and honour which is taken for granted between acquaintances. In this sense Lord Morley was an honest politician. He was always an honest politician until his honesty drove him out of politics. But even a politician who is honest in the highest sense may be very harmful. One may take George III as an illustration. Stupidity and unconscious bias often work more damage than venality.
conception
a visual picture or idea in mind, thought
tolerant
mild, not too strict, accepting without too much emphasis on exact requirement
altogether
entirely, completely, totally
dictated
determined, forced, imposed
secure
to obtain, achieve, aim at getting
preserve
maintain, make safe, keep in one’s possession
pecuniary
financial, monetary, related to riches
stringent
strict, insisting on exact requirement
standard of veracity
standard of integrity and honesty, truthfulness
taken for granted
known and accepted without doubt, to be regarded as a definite fact
acquaintances
friends, contacts, colleagues, people one knows and cares for their opinion
drove him out
left politics by his own choice
illustration
example, instance
stupidity
folly, foolishness, lack of wisdom
unconscious bias
partiality, prejudice (though without knowing it
venality
corruption, susceptible to bribery
English (Comp) Part II (2003)
Marks: 75 Time Allowed: 3 hours
I. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “His life is the noblest record of a work nobly performed. He infused vitality into a dormant people; he consolidated a congeries of warring tribes into a nation inspired into action with the hope of everlasting life.” These sentences have been taken from “The Holy Prophet” in East and West. State in detail in your own words the life account of the Holy Prophet presented by Amir Ali.
OR
(b) “We know that not everyone in our society is getting the best possible education to meet his needs and to develop his abilities, and yet selection is said at present to be made on the basis of intelligence.” This sentence has been taken from “Education for Tomorrow” in East and West. Give in your own words a detail account of the essay.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 600 words on the purpose of ‘Education.” 25
1. nations made by education; progress without it unthinkable;
2. develops and sharpens mental faculties;
3. removes narrow-mindedness and prejudice:
4. enables to distinguish between right and wrong
5. brings refinement in thought and intentions;.
6. removes savagery of heart; develops ethical and spiritual aspects;
7. provides material comfort;
8. combines ethical values with scientific advancements;
9. abhors war; probes into objective nature and
10. leads to realization of God’s glory
III. Read the following passage from the “Direct Energy from the Sun” by Egon Larsen in East and West and answer the given questions at the end. (15)
The most primitive device for catching and trapping the heat of the sun is the gardener’s greenhouse. Its modern offspring is the solar water heater, usually a coil of pipes placed in a shallow box on the roof of a house, embedded in black concrete (black accepts the sun rays more easily, white reflects them) and covered with a glass pane. The water cirulating in the pipes is heated by the sun and them pumped into a hot water tank from which the household takes its supply.
A more complicated but also more efficient device is the heat pump. It is, in fact, a refrigerator in reverse. It picks up as much heat as it can get either from the atmosphere, the soil, or from water (a river or a lake). This amount of heat which is of course rather small in winter is made to act on a liquid with a very low boiling point so that it changes into a gas. The gas is then compressed by means of a pump and goes into a condenser coil, where it changes back to a liquid, thus releasing its heat free; this can be made to heat house or provide hot water. Many heat pumps can be switched to reverse action so that they cool the air in summer.
Various types of solar houses have been designed by engineers and architects, especially in America, where many thousands of them have been built. In these houses some medium is used to store the heat of the sun and release it gradually as required. Water is a good medium for the purpose, but Glauber’s salt (hydrate sodium sulphate) is even more efficient. It melts at a temperature of 90 F, taking in a large amount of heat which it releases again when it turns back into crystals. Twenty tons of the salt, in ‘heat bins’ in the cellar of the solar house, have been found to be sufficient to keep the rooms comfortably warm in winter – with heat collected in the summer.
1. State in your own words the mechanism of solar water-heater.
2. What is a solar house, and what role does Glauber’s salt play in its operation?
3. How does a heat pump heat a house and provide hot water? Discuss.
IV. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
The secrets of sleep were a mystery for centuries simply because there were neither the means to explore nor the need. Only when candles gave way to light, and gas to electricity, when man became able convert night into day and double his output by working shifts round the clock, did people seriously start wondering if sleep could possibly be a waste of time. Our ability to switch night into day is very recent. and it is questionable if we will ever either want, or be able to give up our habit of enjoying a good night’s sleep. However a remarkable research project has already discovered a few people who actually enjoy insomnia. Even chronic insomniacs often get hours more sleep than they think. But by placing electric contacts beside the eye and on the head, it is possible to check their complaint by studying the tiny currents we generate which reveal the different brainwaves of sleep and wakefulness. This has shown that for some people seven or eight hours of sleep a night or quite unnecessary. A lot of recent work has shown that too much sleep is bad for you, so that if you are fortunate enough to be born with a body which needs only a small amount of sleep, you may well be healthier and happier than someone who sleeps longer. Every attempt to unravel the secrets of sleep, and be precise about its function, raises many problems. The sleeper himself cannot tell what is going on and, even when he wakes, has only a very a hazy idea of how good or bad a night he has had. (273)
V. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words in the above passage (Q No IV). (10)
Contextual Meaning
mystery
something strange and unknown, something which has not been understood yet
explore
examine more carefully in order to know about it or to understand it more thoroughly
convert
Change something to another shape. Night has been made just as useful as day.
output
task or work that can be completed
round the clock
for twenty hours of day i.e. both day and night
wondering
thinking, express surprise at this achievement
recent
achieved only a short time go i.e. in near past
remarkable
surprising and worth mentioning, admirable
discovered
came to know or found about for the first time
insomnia
an unusual condition in which one remains sleepless for a long time
chronic
any disease which continues for a very long time is called to be chronic.
complaint
the expressed feeling that something is wrong with them. Here the claim that they suffer from a condition of prolonged sleeplessness
generate
produce, emit, cause to come into existence
reveal
indicate, show, bring to light, make known
unravel
discover, find out by research
hazy
vague, misty, unclear, not exact, dim,
English (Comp) Part II (2002)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “Today’s drop is a corkscrew drop”, he was told. It was the worst of all. His body started spinning at a great speed, and he felt as if he was in the grip of a great force that drove him in the air like a screw. These sentences have been taken from the “The First Man in Space” in the East and West. Discuss in detail in your own words the experiences of the first man in space. OR
(b) “Beyond the fact that he was born in a ravine running deep into the foot-hills and was one of a family of three, I know nothing of his early history.” This sentence has been taken from “The Pipal Pani Tiger” in the East and West. State in your own words the narrative account of the essay.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 600 words on the ‘Qualities of a True Statesman’. 25
1. Truly devoted to his cause and nation.
2. Governs through his conduct, does not believe in nepotism and favouritism.
3. Always rational and logical, bestowed with sharp far-sightedness and intellect.
4. Always have great faith in himself and his nation.
5. Charismatic; making right decision at the right time.
6. Never abuses power; always humane and ready to serve.
7. Believes in equality and justice.
8. Faces all sorts of challenges with acumen; gives new sense of direction to his nation; remembered for his meritorious services.
III. Read the following passage from the essay “The Idea of Pakistan” by Ian Stephens in East and West and write answers the questions given at the end. (15)
British statesmen and administrators, of course, before Pakistan came into being, disliked the prospect of the administrative unity of India, which their predecossors had done so much to create being wrenched apart. The thought of Indian Army having to be divided was particularly distressing to civilians, as well as to soldiers. It had just come through the Second World War with glory. Its prestige stood higher than ever, and internationally it had greater stabilizing potentialities. There was nothing religious in this. But it meant that the Pakistan concept stirred distaste in British governing circles. And much doubt was felt, indeed disbelief, not only by leading British people, but by foreigners, on whether, in the event, so clumsy-looking a new political creation as Pakistan – consisting, as evidently it would, of two very dissimilar bits of country about 1000 miles apart – could survive. And if it did not, that would make a nasty mess on the map of the South Asia, which war-weary westerners would presumablyhave to try to tide up.
And then as well after Pakistan had come into being influential men experience in the sub-continent’s affairs as a result of government servive or career in business tended to become silent. Most senior government personnel just retired, whether military or civilian, were exhausted and disillusioned; they had gone through rough times, and the partition and the riots had destroyed assumptions that their whole life work was based on. Moreover rules still to some extent, bound them: their positions might depend on reticence about their knowledge or about papers that they held. “Well that is no use crying spilt milk; let’s turn to something else.” Perhaps such phrases as these well express what many of them felt. There was also a widespread notion in high places, which affected the press that as Britain had ceased to rule, she should not risk jogging the successor governments’ elbows by fussy comments from afar.
1. Why did the British dislike the prospect of the administrative unity of the Indian continent being wrenched apart?
2. Why were the leading British people and other foreigners so sceptical about the creation of Pakistan?
3. What does the writer refer to when he states: “Well, that is no use crying over spilt milk?
IV. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
There are three conceptions of history. In Carlyle’s view history is nothing but a biography of great men. Rousseau defines history as ‘the art of choosing from among many lies that one which most resembles the truth. Macaulay conceives the ideal historian as one who tells the upper currents as well as under currents of society and represent the spirit of an age in miniature. To our mind Macaulay’s conception of history as a story of men both big and small, imaginatively constructed and dramatically written is the best. But it has to be admitted that an imaginative and dramatic representation of history is likely to detract from the objective dispassion which is an essential attribute of a really great historian. Even eminent historians like Sir George Travelyan and Alfred Toynbee have not been able to achieve this ideal of objectivity of the fullest extent because of the difficulties involved in an absolutely detached interpretation of the various events and trends of life. It is for this reason that our eminent leader and historian, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, does not give a high place to Lord Macaulay, in the rank of distinguished historians. James Anthony Froude has demonst-rated the truth of the dictum: “The last art of profundity is simplicity.” A historian however great is not a prophet. He cannot exactly prophesy the future. The members of the Security Council, just like the members of the League of Nations, cannot chart, far less control, the events that are yet in the womb of time. (254 words)
V. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words in the above. (10)
biography
the narration that tells about the important incidents of someone’s life.
resembles
similar, like something on the surface,
conceives
thinks, regards, opines
in miniature
on a small scale, summing up
constructed
recreated, developed
imaginative
creative, inventive, reflective, thoughtful
dispassion
objectivity, detached, impartial
eminent
distinguished, of great distinction
achieve
acquire, succeed in something after a lot of effort
detached
Showing no emotional involvement or interest
distinguished historians
prominent writers of history.
demonstrated
exhibited, show or prove
dictum
A short statement expressing advice etc.
English (Comp) Part II (2001)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “In 1924, Pavlov reached the age of 75, and Lenin issued a special decree giving official recognition to Pavlov’s services to science.” This sentence has been taken from the essay “Pavlov” in the East and West. What have you learnt from this essay about Pavlov’s way of life and his scientific achievements and discoveries?
OR
(b) “Whatever his political creed, and whatever the cause of his ministry’s downfall, we have nothing but praise for the extraordinary qualities of his head and heart as an eminent politician.” This sentence has been taken from “The Death of a Great Man” in the East and West. State in your own words in detail the extraordinary qualities and contributions of Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan as discussed in this essay.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 500 words on “Science in the Service of Man”. Your essay should have FOUR paragraphs with each point adequately developed in as many paragraphs as necessary. (25)
1. Introduction: Many Scientific inventions and discoveries having facilitated man’s life on earth.
2. Transport and communication revolutionised by science.
3. The application of science in:
a) Medicine b)Engineering. c)agriculture
4. he inexhaustible domestic and industrial use of electricity, an invaluable gift of science.
III. Read the following passage from the essay “The Holy Prophet” in East and West and answer the questions given at the end, preferably in your own words. (15)
The mission of Muhammad (PBUH) was now accomplishedm. And in this fact – the fact of the whole work being achieved in his life-time – lies his distinctive superiority over the prophets, sages and philosophers of other times and other countries. Jesus, Moses, Zoraster, Sakya-Muni, Plato, all had their notions of realms of God, their republics, their ideas, through which degraded humanity was to be elevated into a new moral life; all had departed from this world with their aspirations unfulfilled, their bright visions unrealised, or had bequeathed the task of elevating their fellowmen to sanguinary disiciples or monarch-pupils. It was reserved for Muhammad (PBUH) to fulfill his mission and that of his predecessors. It was reserved for him alone to see accomplished the work of amelioration – no royal disciple came to his assistance with edicts to enforce the new teachings. May not the Muslims justly say the entire work was the work of God?
The humble preacher, who had only the other day been hunted out of the city of his birth, and been stoned out of the place where he had betaken himself to preach God’s words, had within the short space of nine years, lifted up his people from the abysmal depth of noral and spiritual degradation to a conception of purity and justice.
His life is the noblest record of a work nobly and faithfully performed. He infused vitality into a dormant people; he consolidated a congeries of warring tribes into a nation inspired into action with the hope of everlasting life; he concentrated into a focus all the fragmentary and broken lights, which had ever fallen on the heart of man. Such was his work and he perfomed it with an enthusiasm and fervour which admitted no compromise, conceived no halting; with indomitable courage which brooked no resistance, and allowed no fear of consequence; with a singleness of purpose which thought of no self.
Questions:
1. In what lies the distinctive superiority of Muhammad (PBUH) over other prophets, sages and philosophers?
2. What did Muhammad (PBUH) do for the Arabs whom the writer calls “the dormant people”?
3. 3. Why does the writer call the work of Muhammad (PBUH) as the work of God?
IV. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third { 152 words} of its original length. (10)
The reading of good books is one of the delightful and life-giving pleasure that a man can have. There are certainly books that do harm. But it is not of such books that we are thinking. We have in mind such books as give genuine vital pleasure. First of all, books offer us an almost unlimited choice. There are books to suit all our moods. There are books of all sorts: grave and gay, rising us to the Sublime heights of thought and feeling, taking us now on a Veritable magic carpet to the land of beauty and peace. There are moments when we full of a sense of the unintelligible mystery of this world, when we are unable to find any meaning for the conflicts and contradictions of this life. At such times we can well take ourselves to books, a poem perhaps, or a story, and find in what we read an interpretation or solution of the problem that has troubled our mind.
Every good book enables us to share with the writer the thrill of creation; for every good book the result of the creative activity of a person with an observation and imagination far greater and deeper than that of common people. In reading a book into which the creative activity has fully entered, we become for the time being creators ourselves. Something of the mind of the writer becomes ours. It may be a romantic story of adventure that we read; and if there is anything of the spirit of adventure in us we shall feel the thrill as we breathlessly follow the hero from incident to incident. We project ourselves into the personality of the hero as the author must have projected himself while creating the character.
One of the great advantages of reading as source of pleasure is that we do not have to depend upon other people for the pleasure. A book and a shady nook is all that we want. Indeed when a good is giving us the delight of its company, the presence of human company may seem not only redundant but an intrusion. There is no loneliness for those who have learnt to take pleasure in the company of the great men who live for us through their timeless books. Through books we associate on terms of familiarity with the greatest minds of the world.
Few other pleasures are so edifying as is the reading of good books. Not all the books we read may be books with an intrusive tendency. But all great art edifies and if the books we read are great art we shall certainly be the wiser and better for the hours we spend in the company of books. (454 words)
V. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the highlighted words/ phrases in the above passage for summary (10)
genuine
real, not false. The writer means that such books give real and true pleasure.
grave and gay
Serious or delightful. Some books are serious in nature and as such are more suitable when we are thoughtful. Others being capable of giving pleasure are more appropriate when we care more for enjoyment than serious study.
sublime
extremely good and beautiful
veritable
almost, exactly like; working like a real magic carpet
unintelligible mystery
a secret that is very strange and we cannot understand it
conflicts
opposing and dissimilar aspects (of life), things which do not seem to agree with each other
contradictions
two sets of observations, beliefs, phenomena which are so opposite to each other that one must be wrong, yet both seem to be equally true. ,
thrill
feeling of extreme excitement caused by something pleasant
creative
producing or using original and unusual ideas
romantic
exciting and mysterious with a strong effect on emotions
incident to incident
from one episode to another, every detail
nook
corner; here a lonely place where no one is likely to interrupt one
redundant
unnecessary and not needed; something or someone that one no longer needs
intrusion
interruption, interference; something or someone that disturbs one and is unwanted
edifying
improving the mind and understanding
intrusive tendency
this word seems to be a typing mistake as it means the capacity to disturb or interfere. It should be edifying tendency which means the ability or trend to improve the mind and understanding.
English (Comp) Part II (2000)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (1a) “The Peshawar Cantonment is Victorian England with a rich Pathan flavour.” This sentence has been taken from the essay “Peshawar” by J. Spain. State in your own words the description offered by J. Spain.
OR
(1b) “Pavlov had found that the mere sight of food produced a plentiful flow of digestive juice, but that if the food were taken away, the flow stopped.” This action is known by a certain term. What is that term? Give examples of this action from the essay “Pavlov”.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 500 words on “A Rolling Stone Gathers no Mass”. Your essay should have FIVE paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph. (25)
1. Definition of the proverb – who is a rolling stone and what is meant by gathering mass.
2. Men who constantly change their business do not succeed – success requires single-mindedness and hard work.
3. Men who are always throwing one job for another fail – to go higher in one’s job requires that one sticks to that job – men who change their jobs often remain at the lowest rung of the ladder.
4. This is also true of students – students must stick to one subject to become scholars - a student who keeps on changing his subjects will become “a jack of all subjects but master of none”.
5. But there are exceptions – adventurers, explorers, travellers and discoverers are restless people – they gather no mass for themselves; they gather it for the world in the shape of new knowledge – give at least two examples.
III. Read the following passage from the essay “The Pakhtuns” by Peter Mayne and answer the questions given at the end. (15)
I had never been to the Bugti country, and all I could remember about the Bugtis was that they were a Baluchi tribe, of Biblical simplicity, and that from a nineteenth-century pioneer-administrator’s point of view they had the one supreme merit – they bowed to the unquestioned authority of their chieftain. The benefits of 19th century progress, as the great Sandeman well knew (though he was still a young man, and not great at all when he first met the Bugtis), were more easily demonstrable to an audience of one, than to a whole trible of doubting, suspicious, and violent tribesmen. As it happened the Bugtis placidly entered the British fold behind their tumandar who had seen the light and decided that it would be better to offer his allegiance to the British in return for an allowance, than pay fief to his overlord, the Khan of Kelat. It does not happen like that with the tribal-region Pathans, who don’t care about chieftains or other people’s enlightenment.
There is seldom a concord even amongst the members of a Pakhtun family, so how could there be concord in the larger unit of the village, or the section of the tribe – let alone within a tribe as a whole, or amongst the Pakhtuns as a whole? You can not expect concord unless the individual advantage of each member of the unit is demonstrably the same. The Pakhtuns have no one to speak for them, since each man speaks for himself – no leaders, since no man admits the superiority of another man – and they all go their own ways in consequence.
It was not to be so very different two hundred years later, when the British reached Pakhtun country. The maliks, or headmen, through whom the British hoped to control Pakhtun country, were obeyed by the tribes to the point where the British had power to enforce obediencem. ….. It was madness for for the Government to count upon undertakings given by maliks in the name of a Pakhtun tribe (as they could in the case of the Baluchi tribes, for example), and ridiculous to brand as disloyalty , a Pakhtun’s failure to play the political game according to rules laid down by foreigners. The tribes play the political game instead of football, and with unorthodox brilliance.
1. What basic difference does the writer point out in the nature of the Baluch and that of the Pakhtun tribes?
2. Why were the British not so successful in subjugating the Pakhtun tribes as they were in subjugating the Baluch tribes?
3. Why is it difficult for the Pakhtuns to unite as a whole?
III. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third {150 words} of its original length. No credit will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
Some hallowed myths about the history of the family are being destroyed. We used to think that before the industrial revolution, extended kin-networks spanning several generations commonly lived together under the same roof. The nuclear family – consisting of husband, wife, and children by themselves – was pictured as a distinctly recent creation, itself a major symptom of family breakdown. But now we know that the nuclear family has been the norm throughout American history, from earliest colonial times, and in England as well since at least the sixteenth century. In fact some scholars question whether extended kin networks have ever normally bedded down together no matter how far back one goes in the record of Western Europe. In this important sense, there has been far less change than one might have imagined. Indeed some evidence exists - more in England than in America – that the first phase of industrialization brought families closer together, as relatives huddled in closely shared quarters to pool their scant resources. Of course, physical crowding does not always make for domestic peace, and such crowding was traditional for most people in both rural and urban surroundings. All in all, it is far from clear that a “golden age” for the family lies anywhere in the past, at least short of the extremes to be found in tribal and peasant societies. In every period, family life has had its drawbacks.
The key change involves attitudes prevailing within the nuclear family. Genuinely new, beginning in the eighteenth century among the aristocracy and spreading gradually across the whole of the society, was the rise of the ideal of romantic love. It is astonishing to realize that the expectations of the love as a necessary attribute of marriage is so recent. Before then marriage had been entered into much more matter-of-factly (or for property-oriented advantages among the wealthy). It was a custom to which one automatically submitted, making do with whoever of the correct social level might be locally available. Recently marriage has been made into a far more deliberate (in that sense, voluntary) act. Much higher emotional stakes therefore enter into it. In the present century, for the first time in history, it has come to be considered actually wrong to go on living with someone whom one does not love. This far more demanding expectation about the nature of marriage may lie at the root of the rising divorce rate and also tell us the most about what is distinctive in the meaning and function of the family in our own time. Our impression of the instability or breakdown of the family derives largely from the new kind of burden we have placed on it in these psychological terms. (448 words)
V. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words/ phrases in the above passage. (10)
Hallowed
respected highly because believed to be very important or very old.
Revolution
a sudden and great change in customs etc. Here it refers to the change in the methods of production introduced by invention of machine power.
kin-networks
relatives and family members who work together in the same trade.
symptom
a physical or mental change which indicates that something is wrong with the state of affairs.
norm
something which is widely accepted in a society as the correct behaviour etc.
huddled
standing close to each other; here living together in the same house
pool
deposit with one person or put together for shared use by all the members
scant
very little and not enough, small in quantity, meagre
peasant
A class of people who earn their living by growing crops, farmers
drawbacks
shortcomings, disadvantages, negative effects of something
matter-of-factly
in a realistic manner, with an eye on the material advantages
making do
managing, trying to make it a success; here trying to live with a wife even though she is not a suitable match in terms of education and likes and dislikes
stakes
risks that one has to face (in such a marriage)
distinctive
clearly separate and different from other; here the different meaning and function of family from the old notion about it
English (Comp) Part II (1999)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “Beyond the fact that he was born in a ravine running deep into the foot-hills, and was one of a family of three, I know nothing of his early history.” This sentence has been taken from “The Pipal Pani Tiger” in East and West. State in your own words the various encounters Jim Corbett had with the Pipal Pani Tiger.
OR
(b) “Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of harmonious whole in a country like India.” This sentence has been taken from “Iqbal’s Message” by S.A. Vaheed. What argument does Iqbal present in support of the above statement? Discuss in detail.
II. Develop the following points into an essay of about 800 words on “The True Aim of Education” and then suggest ways how to improve our existing system. (25)
1. Aims at physical, mental and spiritual well-being --- healthy body prerequisite – appropriate food --- cleans ways of living --- physical exercise – bodily strength ensures intellectual activity - different physical exercises – walking, games, riding.
2. Sharpens mental faculties – remove superstitions and prejudices – inculcates love of truth –distinguishes right from wrong --- enables to think and decide for oneself.
3. Makes one feel humanely – act rightly – refinement in thought and action.
4. Defects in our present system – aimless –no hope for healthy development of character - not according to the nation’s expectations – no uniformity in syllabus.
5. Suggestions for improvement.
III. Summarise the following passage to about one third in your own words. No marks will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympic athletic festival, held every four years in honour of Zeus, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event, and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been waived, inter-national. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 BC.
The Games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boys gymnastics, horse-racing, field events such as discus and javelin throwing, and the very important foot races. There was also boxing and wrestling and special tests of varied ability such as the pentathlon, the winner of which excelled in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing and wrestling. The evening of third day was devoted to sacrificial offerings to the heroes of the day, and the fourth day, that of the full moon, was set aside as a holy day.
On the sixth and last day, all the victors were crowned with holy garlands of wild olive from a sacred wood. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were in fact richly awarded by their state authorities. The public honour also made the strict discipline of the ten-month period of training worth-while. In spite of the lengthy training, however, runners were known to drop dead from strain at the winning post. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.
IV Read the following passage from the essay “Quaid-e-Azam” by M.A.H Ispahani in East and West and answer the questions at the end. (15)
The Quaid-e-Azam was no master of languages. He did not profess to be one. He best expressed himself in English, and even in this language, the meticulous Don would have found some flaws. But what did it matter? He was gifted with a logical mind and clear thinking. He could grasp anything in a flash and was able to convey his thoughts in a words and clearly. His vision, particularly in matters legal and political, was penetrating. He possessed the gift of seeing problems and their implications ahead and further than anyone I have known. And it was this rare attribute which made him not only a great advocate but also a force to contend with in his political leadership. And the combination of the best Hindu minds of the time which was pitted against this sole being knew and felt this best of all.
Great as he was, he knew his limitations. When his admirers exceeded the bound of admiration and called him Amir-ul-Momenin (the king of the believers), a title given to caliphs, for they were the spiritual and political heads of Muslim society, he would say: “Please do not call me this. I do not profess to be your religious and spiritual guide or leader. I am your political leader and no more.” Likewise when he was expected to do something for he was not qualified, he would not hesitate to declare his inability.
1. How does the write evaluate the linguistic abilities of the Quaide-e-Azam?
2. What rare charismatic quality of the Quaid has been mentioned in the passage? Discuss in your own words.
3. Why would the Quaid forbid his admirers to call him Amir-ul-Momenin?
V. Explain the contextual meaning of TEN of the underlined words in the passage. (10)
A journalist has to be fully aware of the economic, cultural and scientific activity and philosophical thought of every country he visits. Not only do these reflect the spirit of the age and the prevailing trends of thought but are also inextricably linked with the political aspirations and achievements of the country. An American correspondent in Pakistan would be able to appreciate our political and intellectual progressive-ness better if he was equipped with a knowledge of dynamic philosophy and poetry of Iqbal. Very often political policies are based on economic considerations. States quarrel over land, water, minerals, oil etc and all these havean uncommon economic significance. Germany and France had haggled over the Saar coal fields for ages. Cultural delegations like ballet troupes and atheltic teams have a definite political significance today. Scientific discoveries, especially in the field of defence, give a country remarkable political power. The opinions of philosophers and economists concerning different ideologies mould public opinion and hence influence politics. The journalist has, therefore, to bealways alert with a keen desire for extensive knowledge and an enquiring mind. No work is more informative and taxing than his.
spirit of the age
the way a people think, feel and behave.
the general trend of a people,
prevailing
existing and be accepted among a large number of people
inextricably
1. in a way that these moods of thoughts and feelings cannot be separated from their lives and so a permanent feature of life
aspirations
desires or wishes; yearnings: something that the people desire to have or do by all means
appreciate
understand in a better way so as to approve or admire
equipped
having proper knowledge and experience
dynamic
full of energy and zeal, energetic and active
considerations
reasons, grounds for action
significance
importance
haggled
attempt to decide by arguing their own rights over it
delegations
group of artists, dancers, actors etc.
mould
change and give shape to them
alert
Quick to see and understand. watchful
extensive
wide, having a large range, thorough
taxing
needing a lot of physical or mental effort
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Note (i) Attempt all Questions.
Note (ii) Possession and use of cell phones and other electronic devices are strictly prohibited in the Examination Hall and may lead to eviction of a candidate from the Hall o barred from appearing in the examination as a whole.
Q 1. EAST AND WEST (15)
a). “In the lifetime of the younger politicians of today, the Demographic Revolution which takes no account of political ideologies, will have completely changed the pattern of world politics.” This sentence has been taken from Ritchie Calder’s essay”How Many People”. State in your own words in what way population growth will change world politics. (15)
OR
b) “Yuri Gagarine, the man who was suffering all these terrible things, was not being tortured. He had asked for the experience and he could go any moment he liked. He was training to be a spaceman“. This sentence has been taken from the essay “First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Narrate in your own words the torturous ordeal he went through to become a spaceman.
Q 2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Women of Today”. Your essay should have five paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph plus a conclusion. (25)
1. Lives of women in my country have changed; in the past viewed, inferior; little economic value; considered faithful wives; a total change has occurred.
2. Equal opportunities in education and jobs; their potentials recognized; women have convinced men they are equal partners; perception about women’s worth has changed; occupy important positions; make important decisions within family and outside.
3. The term housewife is obsolete today; now called housemakers when they do not work; Look after the needs of their husbands, children; prepare children for the world through positive teaching and modulating their character.
4. However, still considered the weaker sex due to physical and emotional fragility not mental; vulnerable, easily moved to tears; not suited for rough jobs; society aware of this; women not seen in very tough jobs.
5. Lives of women can be improved further in Pakistan; sacrifice should not be expected of them only; women often leave jobs for the home making; men should take part within the home also; more men are realising this.
6. Conclusion: women treated fairly/unfairly by society; increase in education is changing perception about women; their roles have been redefined.
Q3. Read the following passage from “How Many People” by Ritchie Calder and answer the questions given at the end... Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
The population quandary is obvious. The biggest factor in the changing picture is the decline in mortality which has been made possible by cheap and effective disease control. The exception is in a few areas which are remote from centres of administration and are at the moment inaccessible to life-saving devices. At the one hand more infants are being saved to live, to marry and procreate. At the other end in the advanced countries, people are living longer and the span has reached over seventy years- double the life –expectation of an Indian baby. It is neither politically practical nor morally conceivable that the people in the underdeveloped countries should be denied the amenities of modern medical progress. To discriminate against the people of such countries is tantamount to selective genocide. The experts of the United Nations did not hesitate to demand “new rationalized attitude towards procreation’ and said the basic research into the physiology of reproduction could find measures for birth limitation suitable for mass use. They said: “We are swimming against the tide of evolution but having discovered how to increase flood we have not also, through biological science, the means of arresting it. (15 Marks)
Questions: 1. What is the population quandary and how is it obvious? Discuss.
2. What is ‘selective genocide’ and what, according to the author, is tantamount to selective genocide? Explain.
3. What did the UN experts mean by ‘rationalized attitude to procreation’? Discuss.
4. Summarise in not more than 130 words the following passage in your own words. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage. (10)
Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown, depending on our moods. Animals, too, communicate much to our surprise. Just like us, interaction among animals can be both verbal and non-verbal
Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs are really rich in notes variation, encoding various kinds of messages. Songs are also used to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where they dwell and reproduce.
Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailors. Enormous whales groan and grunt, smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles and clicks. These sounds are surprisingly received by other mates as far as several hundred kilometres away.
Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals’ communication tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising he fur hackles on their necks and shoulders, while the submissive one normally ‘surrender’ to the powerful parties by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles.
Colours, which are most conspicuously found on animals, are also important means of interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the gaudiest coloured feathers often hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes, displaying proudly their feathers, attracting the opposite sex.
The alternating black and white striped coats zebras have their roles to play too. Each zebra is born with a unique set of stripes which enables its mates to recognize them. When grazing safely, their stripes are all lines up neatly so that none of them loses track of their friends. However, when danger such as a hungry lion approaches, the zebras would dart out in various directions, making it difficult for the lion to choose his target.
Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or strings, normally have brightly painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. Hoverflies and other harmless insects also make use of this fact and colour their bodies brightly in attempt to fool their predators into thinking that they are as dangerous and harmful as the wasps
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10)
interaction
Reciprocal action. Influencing the action of other members of the specie. Communication.
verbal
Oral Communication through sounds or words
melodious
Sweet or pleasant succession of sounds
variation
Change. Using different sounds
encoding
Converting the message into sound signal
keep off
To stay away from.
adventurous
Those who take risk. Inclined to undertake new and daring enterprises
Enormous
Huge. Very large
tactics
A set of maneuvers used for achieving some purpose. Strategy
Dominant
Surpassing others in power. Most prominent in position
exhibit
Show. Demonstrate
submissive
Humbly obedient. Inclined to obey orders.
conspicuously
Obviously. Noticeably. Attracting attention
gaudiest
Most gaudy. Showy. Tawdry. Bright and most attractive
alternating
To show or do by turns. One replaced by the other and back in turn.
striped
Having lines brands of different colour or texture
unique
Singular. Without an equal or. Parallel. Extraordinary.
dart
Rush forward. A sudden rapid movement.
Predators
Hunters.an animal that hunts or seizes other animals for food
English (Comp) B.A. Part II (2013)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15)
a). “The news was read with special concern in the backroom of a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio belonging to the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright.” This sentence is taken from “A cold Wind at Kitty Hawk”. Who were Orville and Wilbur Wright and which news did they read with special concern? Tell their story in your own words. (15)
OR
b) “In poise and dignity, both of spirit and demeanour, in his time, he stood above all around him, whether in Peshawar, in Delhi, or when he attended the Round Table Conference in London“. This sentence is taken from the essay “Death of a great Man”. Summarize the views expressed by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum’s contemporaries about him.
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘A rolling stone gathers no mass” Your essay should have five paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph. (25)
1. Definition of the proverb: who is a rolling stone and what is meant by gathering moss.
2. Men who constantly change their business do not succeed – success requires single-mindedness and hard work.
3. Men who are throwing one job for another fail – to go higher in in one’s job requires ;that one sticks to that job.—Men who change their jobs often remain at the lowest rung of the ladder.
4. This is also true of students --- students must stick to one subject to become scholars -- student who keeps changing his subjects will become “a jack of all subjects but master of none”.
6. But there are exceptions – adventurers, explorers, travellers are restless people – they gather no moss for themselves, they gather it for the world in the shape of new knowledge.
3 Read the following passage from “The Idea of Pakistan” by Ian Stephen and answer the questions given at the end.. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
“Islam is not merely a doctrine, but a realistic and practical code of conduct – in terms of everything importan in life—of our history, our heroes, our art, our architecture, our music, our laws, our jurisprudence. In all these things our outlook is not only fundamentally different, but often radically antagonistic to the Hindus’.”Our names, our clothes, our foods – they are all different; our economic life, our educational ideas, our treatment of women, our attitude to animals—we challenge each other at every point. Take one example, we eat cows, the Hindus worship it. Englishmen imagine this is merely picturesque convention; it is nothing of the sort….”
Pakistan, then, may be looked upon not as a militant country, poised towards proselytization or renewed conquests – in spite of Islam’s real tendencies towards such things – but essentially as a defensive one, on guard, brought into being to maintain a culture that most of her inhabitants highly value and to be a refuge to which likely-minded Muslims elsewhere on the subcontinent could go. Are not the facts of population-size, Pakistanis would ask, alone proof enough of her defensiveness? Though Hindus may well consider Islam formidable , when they look back on the past, surely Muslims looking out on the present, have even better cause for finding Hinduism so? The sub-continent contains about 380 million Hindus, but only 125 million Muslims. Or to put it differently, in terms of the 1947 frontiers, the Indian Union’s Hindus amount to about 370 million, Pakistan’s Muslims to only eighty-three million. How on such figures, Pakistaniswould ask, could any Indian honestly fear Pakistani attack? Are not the Muslims, the people to be afraid? Nor, of course, is numerical superiority the Hindus only advantage. Pakistanis would hasten to adduce other important things such as comparative industrial and financial power, and educational advancement. (15 Marks)
Questions: 4. How is the Muslim way of life different from Hindu way of life? Discuss.
5. Why does the writer consider Pakistan to be on the defensive? What reasons does he advance for this viewpoint of his?
6. What superiority does India enjoy over Pakistan? Elaborate.
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (200 words) of its original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage.
The behaviour of man is of two distinct kinds: symbolic and non-symbolic. Man yawns, stretches, coughs, scratches himself, cries out in pain, shrinks with fear, “bristles” with anger and so on. Non-symbolic behaviour of this sort is not peculiar to man; he shares it not only with the other primates but with many other animal species as well. But man communicates with his fellows with articulate speech, uses amulets, confesses sins, makes laws, observes codes of etiquette, explains his dreams, classifies his relatives in designated categories and so on. This kind of behaviour is unique, only man is capable of it. It is peculiar to man because it consists of, or is dependent upon the use of symbols. The non-symbolic behaviour of Homo Sapiens is the behaviour of the man the animal; the symbolic behaviour of man is that of the human being... It is the symbol which has transformed man from a mere animal to a human animal.
Because human behaviour is symbolic and since the behaviour of Infra-human species is non symbolic, it follows that we can learn nothing about human behaviour from observations upon or experiments with the lowest animals. Experiments with rats and apes have indeed been illuminating. They have thrown much light upon mechanisms and processes of behaviour among mammals or the higher vertebrates. But they have contributed nothing to an understanding of human behaviour because the symbol mechanism and all its of its consequences are totally lacking among the lower species. And as for neurosis in rats, it is of course interesting to know that rats can be made neurotic. But science probably had a better understanding of psychopathic behaviour among human beings before neuroses were produced experimentally in rats than they now have of the neuroses of the rats. Our understanding of human neurosis has helped us to understand those of rats; we have, as a matter of fact, Interpretted the latter in terms of human pathology. But I cannot see where the neurotic labaratory rats served to deepen or enlarge our understanding of human behaviour.
As it was with symbol that made mankind human, so it is with each member of the species. A baby is not a human being until he begins to symbol. Until the infant begins to talk there is nothing to distinguish his behaviour qulititaively from that of a very young ape, as the ape and child showed. As a matter of fact, one of the impressive results of this fascinating experiment by Professor and Mrs Kellog was the demonstration of how ape-like an infant Homo Sapiens is before he begins to talk. The baby boy acquired exceptioal proficiency in climbing in association with the little chimpanzee and even acquired her “food-bark”! The Kellogs speak of how the little ape became humanized during her sojourn in their home. But what he experiment demonstrated so conclusively was the the ape’s utter inability to learn to talk even to make any progress in this direction – in short, her inability to become humanized at all.
The infant of the species Homo Sapiens becomes human only when and as he exercises his symbol faculty. Only through articulate speech - not necessarily vocal – can he enter the world of human beings and take part in their affairs. The questions asked earlier may be repeated now . How could a growing child know and appreciate such things as social organization, ethics, eriquette, ritual, ,science, religion, art and games without symbolic communication? The answer is, of course,that he could know nothing of these things and have nor appreciation of them at all.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the highlighted words in the above passage. (10)
symbolic
non-literal, using symbols. For example words representing things
bristles
becomes stiff, hardens. In fear or anger man’s body or hair become stiff
primates
mammal including man, monkeys and apes
articulate
express ideas through speech
confesses
admits of his sins
etiquette
manners, code of conduct
Homo Sapiens
Man, human-being
Infra-human species
Animals, species inferior to man
illuminating
informative, giving information or knowledge
thrown much light upon
gave knowledge about
contributed
Added to our knowledge, increased
psychopathic
suffering from mental illness which makes people behave cruelly and violently towards others
Neurosis
A mental illness in which a person suffers strong feelings of fear and worry.
Interpreted
Explained in the light of
Pathology
Scientific study of diseases
Distinguish
Differentiate, find it different from others
As a matter of fact
Really, in reality
Fascinating
Interesting, delightful
Exceptional
Unusual, extraordinary,
Sojourn
Stay, while it lived at their home
Symbol
Representation, something that is non-literal and stands for something not directly related to it. All words that we use are symbols.
Appreciate
understand
Ethics
Moral values, the sense to distinguish between good and evil
Ritual
Religious ceremonies like offering payers, sacrifice, worship
English (Comp) B.A. Part II (2012)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15)
a). “We know that not everyone in our society is getting the best education to meet his needs and to develop his abilities…. and that the great tradition of belief in equality of opportunities was…. correct.” This sentence is taken from John Vaizey’s essay ‘Education for Tomorrow” State in your own words what he further writes about equality of opportunity in education. OR
b) “It was the worst of all. His body started spinning at a great speed and he felt as if he was in the grip of a great force that drove him through the air like a screw….. Yuri Gagarine, the man who was suffering all these terrible things was not being tortured. “These sentences are taken from the essay “First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Why was all this done to Yuri Gagarine if he was not being tortured?
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Our Culture – Three Objects that symbolise our Culture.” Your essay should have five paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph plus a conclusion. (25)
1. Introduction. What is culture? Define culture as a collection of many symbolic objects/things. (Values, beliefs, customs, traditions, festival, traditions, foods): describe three objects that symbolise our culture; explain why you selected these three specific things and no other.
2. The first object that symbolises our culture; how does it symbolise our culture? Give detailed description.
3. The second object that symbolises our culture; how does it symbolise our culture? Give detailed description;
4. The third object that symbolises our culture; how does it symbolise our culture? Give detailed description
6. Conclusion. Discuss the significance of your chosen three objects and how they make our culture different from other cultures.
3 Read the following excerpt from “Flight into Karachi” by Hector Bolitho and answer the questions. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
“You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal, and you will find that in due course of time, Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”
The words were Jinnah’s; the thought and belief were an inheritance from the Prophet who had said thirteen centuries before: “All men are equal in the eyes of God. And your lives and your properties are all sacred. In no case should you attack each other’s life and property. Today I trample under my feet all distinctions of caste, colour and nationality.”(15 Marks)
Questions: 1. What did the Quaid mean by, “Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims not in the religious sense … but in the political sense”? Discuss.
2. What does the writer mean when he says, “The words were Jinnah’s, the thought and belief were an inheritance from the Prophet PBUH? Elaborate.
3. In this great speech, the Quaid gave the Pakistani nation and ideal. What is it? Do you think Pakistan has followed that ideal or not? Discuss.
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (150 words) of the original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage.
In some parts of the world malnutrition is due rather to unbalanced diets an badly prepared food than to shortages. Because the value of proteins is not understood by some peoples their diet is often grossly unbalanced. As a result, they suffer from deficiency diseases. This reduces their ability to work efficiently. The whole thing is a vicious circle. Because the people are underfed or ill-fed, they have no reserves of physical strength: so they are more easily weakened by disease and lack energy, thus they cannot work efficiently and agricultural productivity suffers. . Inadequate production completes the circle, for the people must then go hungry.
Breaking the circle is no easy task but it must be done, for it is in these parts of the world e.g., Africa, South-West Asia and Latin America where people are underfed, that increased food production is failing to keep up with the annual increase in population. Unless something can be done to change these conditions, famine and disaster are likely to be the ultimate result.
Although millions of people in different parts of the world are crying out for food, we frequently read of huge surpluses elsewhere, perhaps of grain in North America or of fish in England. The question appears : why can’t these surpluses be used to feed the hungry? They could, but often there are certain difficulties in the way. Although a particular country might be generous and give some of its surplus away, as the United States has often done, … a country like an individual must earn its keep, and it does this by selling goods. Poor countries often cannot afford to buy food, even if they are in desperate need of it.
In addition world surpluses are usually of cereals e.g., wheat and maize, but it is not grain that is needed, but rather foodstuff such as milk, meat and fish which are rich in protein. The problem is also further aggravated by the fact that grains such wheat and maize are not those to which the underfed are accustomed and food habits are not easy to change even when people are hungry.
Let us conclude this brief account of the problem of population and food supplies by saying that the question of feeding coming generations satisfactorily is not an impossible one, even though it may present many difficulties. If for example, all the world farmers were able to raise their standards to those reached in parts of Holland or Denmark, the present world area used for agricultural purposes could support many times its present population. Progress is now being made on many fronts and great efforts are being made by many peoples but a quickening in the rate of progress and greater efforts are urgently needed.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
malnutrition grossly deficiency
efficiently. Famine frequently
disaster generous Desperate
further aggravated accustomed
quickening
malnutrition
lacking in necessary nutrients like vitamins, proteins etc.
grossly
extremely, too much
deficiency
lack of needed nutrient like proteins or vitamins
efficiently
in competent manner using capacity to work
famine
shortage of food , a widespread scarcity of food
frequently
often, many times
disaster
destruction, a heavy loss, damage
generous
bounteous, charitable, giving one’s own food etc. to others
desperate
need very badly
aggravated
become worse
accustomed
which they normally use and as such find more to their taste
quickening
increase, rise, fast progress
English (Comp) B.A. Part II (2011)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “I have not yet seen a town like Alice; perhaps the Alice is unique: but today I have seen a tell like Jericho. I am standing on the summit of the two great mounds at Charsadda.” This sentence has been taken from Toynbee’s essay ‘The Indus in Fetters”. State in your own words what he further writes about the Gandhara civilisation and Charsadda. OR
b) “We know that all the energy mankind has used comes from the sun with the exception of nuclear energy. “This sentence is taken from the essay “Direct Energy from the Sun” by Egon Larsen. Discuss the devices that the writer mentions for catching and trapping the energy from the sun.
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Women of Today’. Your essay should have six paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph. (25)
1. Introduction. Lives of women in my country have changed. In the past , viewed inferior ; little economic value; considered faithful housewives only. A total change has occurred.
2. Equal opportunities in education and jobs: their potentials recognized; women have convinced men they are equal partners; perceptions about women’s worth has changed; occupy important positions: make important decisions within family and outside.
3. The term housewife is obsolete today: now called house-makers when they do not work; look after the needs of their husbands, children; prepare children for the world through positive teaching and modulating their character;
4. However still considered weaker sex due to physical and emotional fragility not mental: vulnerable easily moved to tears; not suited for rough jobs: society aware of this; women not seen in seen in tough jobs;
5. Lives of women can be further improved in Pakistan. Sacrifice should not be expected of them only; women often leave jobs for the home-making; men should take part within the home also; more men are realising this now
6. Conclusion. women having treated fairly unfairly by society; increase in education is changing perception about women. Their roles have been redefined, etc.
3 Read the following passage from the essay “How Many People” by Ritchie Calder and answer the questions given at the end. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
The population quandary is obvious. The biggest factor in the changing picture is the decline in mortality which has been made possible by cheap and effective disease control. The exception is in a few areas which are remote from centres of administration and are at the moment inaccessible to life-saving devices. At the one end, more infants are being saved to live, to marry and to procreate. At the other end, in the developed countries, people are living longer and the span has reached over seventy years – double the life expectation of an Indian baby. It is neither politically practical nor morally conceivable that the people in the underdeveloped countries should be denied the amenities of modern medical progress. To discriminate against the people of such countries is tantamount to selective genocide. The experts of the United Nations did not hesitate to demand ‘new rationalised attitude towards procreation’ and said that the basic research into the physiology of reproduction could find measures for birth limitation suitable for mass use. They said, “We are swimming against the tide of evolution but having discovered how to increase the flood, we have not also, through biological science, the means of arresting it.”
1. What is the population quandary and how is it obvious? Discuss.
2. What is selective genocide and what, according to the author, is tantamount to selective genocide? Explain.
3. What did the UN experts mean by ‘rationalised attitude to procreation’? Discuss
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (140 words) of the original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage. (10)
The qauestion of health,both physical and mental, is always one of the reasons for failure. If an adequate health seervice is available in the college, and if proper cooeration exists between the teaching staff and the office of the college doctor, an immense number of failures can be avoided, and what is just as important, the reason for inabilty to do satisfactory college work can be clearly understood by the boy, his parents and the college authorities. In the case of poor academic work, the reason for which is not apparent, it is my custom alsways to ask the student to undergo a thorough physical examination. It is surprising to find out in how large a pecentage of cases the university physician finds an adeqate reason for the difficulty. Tuberculosis, bad tonsils, sleeping sickness, poo digestionn various forms of mental and nervous difficulty have been brought to light by the doctor ....... to the unspeakable relief of the student and enlightment of the faculty.
There are alway a goodly number of undergraduates whose head are turned and whose judgement is perverted by the attractiveness of athletic sports and literary (so called) activity. All of these features koof college life have their place, and should receive the support of thos estudents who are interested in them. In my experience, the awakening of a clear judment as to what the college is for , is not as difficult as is often ssupposed. If a boy is too much interested in thses side shows he ought to get out of the main test and become professional. But most of them really are not, and if reasoned with by a friend who knows youth and understands the importance of the college opportunity, they will not allow themselves to be swept off their feet by athletics. I do not that this sort of thing is as serious reason for failure as do some the critics of our colleges who see mthings from the outside and at a long range.
A few lazy bluffers drift into college and drift out again. Most of them have not found any serious interest in life and some of them never will. It is usually wise to let them retire to to the cold world for a reason and find out by experience how much demand there is for a lazy bluffer. Sometimes they learn their lesson and return to do first rate work. But the burden of proof is always on then to show that they mean business.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
Immense number
A very large number of students
Apparent
Clear, evident,
Custom
Practice, routine
Brought to light
Discover, explain, make clear
Unspeakable relief
Indescribable satisfaction
Enlightenment
Knowledge, information,
Goodly number
Many, a large number
Whose heads are turned
Who behave rudely due to pride
Perverted
Become defective, gone bad
Swept off their feet
Become proud
Lazy bluffers
Students who are too lazy to work and try to deceive others that they are working hard
Drift
Go away. Leave the college
The cold world
World outside the college which puts them to task
The burden of proof
It is now the students’ responsibility to prove that they are really studious and eager to learn
English (Comp) Part II (2010)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “In the life time of younger politicians of today, the Demographic Revolution, which takes no account of political ideologies, will have completely changed the pattern of world politics.” This sentence has been taken from Richie Calder’s essay ‘How Many People’. State in your own words in what ways population growth will change world politics. . OR
b) “Yuri Gagarine, the man who was suffering all these terrible things , was not being tortured. He had asked for the experience and he could go any moment he liked. He was training to be a spaceman.’ This sentence has been taken from the essay “The First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Narrate in your own words the torturous ordeal he went through to become a spaceman.
2. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent essay of about 500 words on ‘Competitive swimming’. Your essay should have FIVE paragraphs with each point developed into a paragraph plus an introduction and a conclusion.
1. Introduction.
2. Competitive swimming provides same benefits as other sports: it is good exercise and builds muscular strength; it promotes cooperation among team members.
3. Competitive swimming provides some additional benefits: swimming is an important skill that can be used forever; there is a reduces risk of injury; each swimmer can easily chart his or her own progress.
4. I regularly watch swimming competition on TV whether Olympic, World Cup competitions or local. I enjoy them all.
5. Conclusion.
3 Read the following passage from the essay “The Idea of Pakistan” and answer the questions given at the end. Merely copying sentences from the passage will earn you no marks. (15 Marks)
“Islam is not merely a religious doctrine, but a realistic code of conduct – in terms of everything important in life: of our history, our heroes, our art, our architecture, our music, our laws, our jurisprudence. In all these things, our outlook is not only fundamentally different, but often radically antagonistic, to the Hindu’s. Our names, our clothes, our foods – they are all different; our economic life, our educational ideas, our treatment of women, our attitude to animals – we challenge each other at every point. Take one example. We eat cow, the Hindus worship it. Englishmen imagine this is merely a picturesque convention; it is nothing of the sort.”
Pakistan, then, may be looked on not as a militant country, poised towards proselytisation or renewed conquests – in spite of Islam’s real latent tendencies towards such thing – but essentially a as a defensive one, on guard, brought into being to maintain a culture that most of her inhabitants highly value; and to be a refuge to which likeminded Muslims elsewhere on the subcontinent could go. Are not the facts of population size, Pakistanis would ask, alone proof enough of this defensiveness? Though Hindus may well consider Islam formidable, when they look back on the past, surely Muslims, looking out on the present, have even better cause for finding Hinduism so. The subcontinent contains about 380 million Hindus, but only 125 million Muslims. Or, to put it differently, in terms of the 1947 frontiers, the India Union’s Hindus amount to about 370 million, Pakistan’s Muslims to only eighty three million. How, on such figures, Pakistanis would ask, could any Indian honestly fear Pakistani attack? Are not the Muslims the people to be afraid? Nor, of course, is numerical superiority the Hindus’ only advantage. Pakistanis would hasten to adduce other important things, such as comparative industrial and financial power, and educational advancement.
1. How is the Muslim way of life different from the Hindu way of life? Discuss.
2. Why does the writer consider Pakistan to be on the defensive? What reasons does he advance for this viewpoint of his?
3. What superiority does India enjoy over Pakistan? Elaborate?
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (110 words) of the original length. No marks shall be given for mere reproduction from the Passage. (10)
For a decade and a half after WWII, there was optimisim in the world that we had solved, or that technology would help us solve, the old problems of hunger, disease, illiteracy – even intolerance But in the 1970’s two new realities become all too clear: one, technological progress has created new problems like pollution, unequal distribution of the benefits of modernity, and an uneasiness about the new world we have created; and two, this advance has affected only about a quarter of the world’s people. The other 75 percent is still involved in the old and bitter struggles; this is the world of the underdeveloped nations,
The picture of this underdeveloped world is a grim one. The majority of its population lives without what are considered the barest essentials in the Western world. There is a precarious balance between the amount of food available and the number of mouths to be fed; disease usually results in early death or permanent debilitation. Vagarant children fight the flies for food in the streets of Tehran; in Calcutta there are homeless masses whose only sleeping places are the city’s streets and sidewalks. For a billion and three quarter inhabitants of South Asia, the annual per capita income is only a little more than $ 100 – less than the increase in earnings reported in 1969 by the North Atlantic communities. In 1950, the lower two-third of the world’s population earned only 13 percent of the total world income; by 1970, this share had fallen to below 11 percent. The situation, in brief, grows worse not better.
Most of the underdeveloped world lies in in the Southern and Eastern parts of the globe, but it has not been thus, for centuries Europe looked to the East for riches, and the misery and poverty now epidemic in Africa were not known 200 years ago. The reasons for this tragic transition are various, chief among them the population problem, the food crisis, and the aftermath of colonialism. (330 words)
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
decade
a period of ten years
optimism
hope that things will get better
intolerance
bitter
causing sorrow, sad, tragic
grim
dark, serious, grave
barest
minimum, badly needed
precarious
dangerous, full of risks
debilitation
physical disability,
vagrant
having no permanent home, in other words homeless
epidemic
widespread
transition
change from one into another situation
aftermath
consequence, result
colonialism
rule by a foreign country, imperialism
(Comp) Part II (2009)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “The term ‘Pathan’ is the Indian mispronunciation of the name the Pathans give themselves- Pakhtun.” This sentence has been taken from the essay, “The Pakhtuns” by Peter Mayne. State in your own words the history of the Pakhtuns and the unique characteristics that the writer ascribes to them.
OR
b) “Pakistan, then, may be looked on not as a militant country ….” This sentence has been taken from Ian Stephen’s “The Idea of Pakistan”. Relate In your own words the argument that the author gives to bridge the gap between the Western intelligentsia’s misgivings and the spirit behind the creation of Pakistan.
2. Develop the following points into an essay of about 800 words on ’Energy Crisis in Pakistan.’ (25)
1. Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis and its oil consumption has gone up mainly due to law and order problem and low hydal power production.
2. Pakistan’s energy requirements are expected to double in the next five years.
3. The country may plunge in energy crisis in the near future due to rising electricity demand.
4. The country needs a quantum jump in electricity generation to avert the possibilities of load shedding in the future.
5. WAPDA makes us believe that the present energy crisis in the country is because we have failed to build new dams.
6. There has been a global trend to shift away from oil because of its rising prices.
7. Pakistan produces very little of its power through two reactors.
8. There is a large scale application of coal for power generation around the world.
9. In addition to the option of using nuclear plants and coal for power production alternative energy sources are also available including wind and energy.
10. Smaller windmills are also very feasible for remote villages, deserts, and mountainous and coastal areas.
11. Pakistan needs to explore all possibilities of generating more electricity to save the country.
3 Read the following passage from the essay, “Education for Tomorrow“ and answer the questions given at the end of the passage. Your answers must be in your own words. (15)
The new knowledge makes it necessary to re-examine the whole concept of ‘equality of opportunity’. Mr. Anthony Crossland has recently drawn a vital distinction between “weak” and the “strong” definition of equal opportunity. The weak definition (which has always been accepted as the only definition up to now) is that all children of equal (measured) ability should have roughly the same start in life. The strong definition takes account of recent psychological knowledge, which points out the ability is largely acquired, and that a child can become more or less intelligent according to the kind of family he has and the social and educational experience he receives. It asserts that subject to differences in heredity and infantile experience every child should have the same opportunity for acquiring measured intelligence in so far as this can be controlled action.
This is clearly a revolutionary principle. It means a rapid shift towards creating a society where every child has a good home, which in turn means, as an integral part of the educational process, eliminating low incomes, bad housing, and badly educated parents. It means sending every child to a good school till he is at least seventeen, and as far as possible eliminating any final decisions before that age as to his future education and job in order not to narrow his academic field too early. In practice it would suggest, for example, that if boarding schools have anything to give, (which I doubt except for a tiny minority) it should be given to the culturally deprived and not to the well-endowed.
1. What vital distinction does Anthony Crosland draw between the strong and weak definitions of equal opportunity?
2. What, according to the passage, does acquired measured intelligence mean?
3. What reservations does the author have about the concept of equal opportunity and why does he call it a revolutionary principle?
4. Summarise the following passage into one third of the original passage. You must not reproduce sentences from the original passage. (10)
In what now seem like the prehistoric times of computer history, the early post-war era, there was a quite widespread concern that computer would take over the world from man one day. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also foreseen problem. People seem to be over-trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority. Indeed they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed, or a computer may simply malfunction.
Obviously there would be no point in investing a computer if you had to check all the answers but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have feeling that something has gone wrong. Questioning and routine double checks must be continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the following warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
5. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage. (10 Marks)
widespread
very common, believed by a large number of people
concern
worry, a kind of fear or doubt about something
relieving
making us free from doing things
foreseen
known before, quite expected
reluctant
not willing to do
authority
superior knowledge, expertise
aware
have knowledge, know
malfunction
not work correctly
investing
spending a lot of money on computers in the hope that it will be good for business
rely
depend, make use of
internal computers
brains, mental ability, intelligence
substitute
something that replaces another thing
English (Comp) Part II (2008)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “The business street of Peshawar are highly specialised. One is for shoes, another for headgear, yet another for cloth. ” This sentence has been taken from the essay “Peshawar” by J. Spain. State in your own words the description of these streets. OR
b) “In poise and dignity, both of spirit and demeanour, in his time he stood above all around him, whether in Peshawar, in Delhi or when he attended the Round Table Conference in London.” This sentence occurs in the “Death of a great Man”. Summarise the views expressed by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum’s contemporaries about him.
2. Develop the following points into an well-organised, coherent, essay of about 500 words on ”Failure of Democracy in Pakistan”. Your essay should have eight paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph.(25)
1. Definition of democracy - the concept of sovereignty of the people and its acceptance by all. How is this sovereignty established and guaranteed?
2. What makes democracy effective is the political process – democracy within parties, democracy at grass-root level which makes people become aware of their problems and strive to solve them.
3 People’s participation and their empowerment to handle their affairs directly is an important aspect of democracy – administered by their representatives and not by bureaucrats.
4. Democracy did not take roots in Pakistan due to lack of political education and widespread mass illiteracy. We find elites, feudal lords and crony capitalists as political leaders in Pakistan – none from amongst the people.
5. The absence of democratic political process is another reason for the failure of democracy in Pakistan – no democracy within political parties, no enrolment and education of political supporters and workers; leadership is mostly a family affair.
6. Most unfortunate is the lack of political education among the party leadership; they lack vision and mission; they do not know how to tackle divisions on provincial, linguistic and ethnic basis; religious sectarianism and violence, and to rescue the nation from the grip of feudal culture, castes and tribes.
7. Moreover, after the partition, making of the constitution was delayed; the political process did not start in earnest, and even if did, it was subverted now and again.
8. Thus democracy could not take roots in Pakistan, for it was not properly planted. The ground has to be well prepared in order for democracy to take roots: how could the ground be prepared for it.
3 Read the following passage from the essay “The Responsibilities of Youth” a speech by the Quaid-e-Azam, and answer the questions given at the end. Answers must be in your own words. (15 Marks)
Now that you have achieved your goal, that is a government of your own, and a country which belongs to you and in which you can live as free men, your responsibilities, and your approach to the political, social and economic problems must also change.
The duties required of you are to develop a sound sense of discipline, character, initiative and a solid academic background.
You must devote yourselves whole-heartedly to your studies, for that is your first obligation to yourselves, your parents and to your state. You must first learn to obey , for only then you can learn to command.
In your criticism of government, you must learn to be constructive. Government welcomes constructive criticism.
You can make a big contribution towards bringing about harmony and unity where for personal and selfish considerations, some people may adopt courses which are likely to lead to disruption and disunity.
Remember that your government is like your garden. Your garden flourishes by the way you look after it and the efforts you put toward its improvement. Similarly your government can only flourish by your patriotic, honest and constructive efforts to improve it.
I am not making a particular reference to you, but now that I have had the opportunity of talking to you, I must warn you not to allow your actions to be guided by ill-digested information or slogans or catch-words. Do not take them to heart or repeat them parrot-like. Take advantage of your period of training that this institution offers you by equipping yourselves to become leaders of the future generation.
1. What, according to the Father of the Nation, are the duties and responsibilities of the youth? What is their first duty?
2. What are the causes of disruption in Pakistan, and how can the youth of Pakistan make a big contribution towards bringing harmony in Pakistan?
3. What warning did the Quaid give to the youth of Pakistan?
4. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third (150 words) of its original length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (15)
Some hallowed myths about the history of the family are being destroyed. We used to think that before the industrial revolution, extended kin-networks spanning several generations commonly lived together under the same roof. The nuclear family – consisting of husband, wife, and children by themselves – was pictured as a distinctly recent creation, itself a major symptom of family breakdown. But now we know that the nuclear family has been the norm throughout American history,from earliest colonial times, and in England as well since at least the sixteenth century. In fact some scholars question whether extended kin networks have ever normally bedded down together no matter how far back one goes in the record of Western Europe. In this important sense, there has been far less change than one might have imagined. Indeed some evidence exists - more in England than in America – that the first phase of industrialization brought families closer together, as relatives huddled in closely shared quarters to pool their scant resources. Of course, physical crowding does not always make for domestic peace, and such crowding was traditional for most people in both rural and urban surroundings. All in all, it is far from clear that a “golden age” for the family lies anywhere in the past, at least short of the extremes to be found in tribal and peasant societies. In every period, family life has had its drawbacks.
The key change involves attitudes prevailing within the nuclear family. Genuinely new, beginning in the eighteenth century among the aristocracy and spreading gradually across the whole of the society, was the rise of the ideal of romantic love. It is astonishing to realize that the expectations of the love as a necessary attribute of marriage is so recent. Before then marriage had been entered into much more matter-of-factly (or for property-oriented advantages among the wealthy). It was a custom to which one automatically submitted, making do with whoever of the correct social level might be locally available. Recently marriage has been made into a far more deliberate (in that sense, voluntary) act. Much higher emotional stakes therefore enter into it. In the present century, for the first time in history, it has come to be considered actually wrong to go on living with someone whom one does not love. This far more demanding expectation about the nature of marriage may lie at the root of the rising divorce rate and also tell us the most about what is distinctive in the meaning and function of the family in our own time. Our impression of the instability or breakdown of the family derives largely from the new kind of burden we have placed on it in these psychological terms. (448 words)
V. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words/ phrases in the above passage. (10)
Hallowed
respected highly because believed to be very important or very old.
Revolution
a sudden and great change in customs etc. Here it refers to the change in the methods of production introduced by invention of machine power.
kin-networks
relatives and family members who work together in the same trade.
symptom
a physical or mental change which indicates that something is wrong with the state of affairs.
norm
something which is widely accepted in a society as the correct behaviour etc.
huddled
standing close to each other; here living together in the same house
pool
deposit with one person or put together for shared use by all the members
scant
very little and not enough, small in quantity, meagre
peasant
A class of people who earn their living by growing crops, farmers
drawbacks
shortcomings, disadvantages, negative effects of something
matter-of-factly
in a realistic manner, with an eye on the material advantages
making do
managing, trying to make it a success; here trying to live with a wife even though she is not a suitable match in terms of education and likes and dislikes
deliberate
intentional, well- thought of
stakes
risks that one has to face (in such a marriage)
distinctive
clearly separate and different from other; here the different meaning and function of family from the old notion about it
English (Comp) Part II (2007)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Attempt all Questions.
1. East and West (15) a). “I had had time to develop a love for them as people. I wanted to see them again, particularly certain of them whom I still thought of as friends,” says Peter Mayne about Pakhtuns in his essay “The Pakhtuns”. Explain in your own words Mayne’s views about Pakhtuns. OR
b) Egon Larsen in his essay ‘Direct Energy from the Sun’ says “The most primitive device for catching and trapping the heat of the Sun is the gardener’s greenhouse. Its modern offspring is the solar water- heater, usually a coil of pipes placed in a shallow box on the roof of a house, embedded in black concrete (black accepts the sun rays more easily, white reflects them) and covered with a glass pane.” In your own words describe some of the ways in which we can get more energy from the sun.
2. Develop the following points into an essay of not less than 500 words on ”Corruption”. (25)
1. Corruption is one of the worst evils facing our society today.
2. There is hardly any field of life where there is no corruption.
3.. There are different kinds of corruption..
4. All forms of corruption are bad as corruption deprives the deserving of their due right.
5. Academic or educational corruption is the worst.
6. Cheating is one of the kinds of academic corruption.
7. Cheating promotes incompetency and deprives talented students of their rights.
8. Cheating is stealing. Islam strictly forbids stealing but still cheating is very common in our society.
9. Corruption is bad because it supports incompetence.
10. We have to stop cheating and the best way to do that is to begin with ourselves.
3 Read the following passage from “Iqbal’s Message” by S.A. Vahid and answer the questions given at the end of the passage. Please make sure that the answers are in your own words. (15 Marks)
After a long and careful study of Islamic Law I have come to the conclusion that if this system of Law is properly understood and applied, at least the right to subsistence is secured to everybody. But the enforcement and development of the Shariat of Islam is impossible in this country without a free Muslim state or states. This has been my honest conviction for many years and I still believe this to be the only way to solve the problems of bread for Muslims as well as to secure a peaceful India. If such a thing is impossible in India the only other alternative is a civil war which as a matter of fact has been going on for some time in the shape of Hindu-Muslim riots. I fear that in certain parts of the country,e.g., N-W. India, Palestine may be repeated.
1. What exactly would ensure the right to subsistence to everybody?
2. What is essential for the solution of the problem of bread for Muslims and for a peaceful India?
3. Write down in your own words all the problems that Allama Iqbal believes will emerge in India without a free Muslim state or states.
4. Summarise the following passage in about one third of the original. Do not reproduce the original sentences from the passage. (10)
The defects of ordinary system of mass education are many. They may be briefly summarized as follows. First, the system of teaching in large classes is rigid. No allowance is made for the peculiar mental constitution of the individual child, who is sacrificed to the average of the class. The class and the fixed curriculum are like the bed of Procrustes in the story: those who are too long for the bed are cut down they fit; and those who are too short are stretched. The child who is quick and talented in one subject but not in others is compelled under the current system of mass education to sacrifice his talents to his defficiencies. Thus a child may have a great talent for English and none for arithmetic.
Second, under the present system of mass education by classes, too much stress is laid on teaching and little on learning. The child is not encouraged to discover things on his own account. He learns to rely on outside help, not on his own powers. Thus he loses intellectual independence and all capacity to judge for himself. Moreover lessons in class leave him mainly unoccupied and therefore bored. He has to be forced into learning what does not interest him. The information acquired mechanically and reluctantly by dint of brute repetition is rapidly forgotten. Third, the child being bored and unoccupied is also mischievous. A strict external discipline becomes necessary, unless there is to be confusion. The child learns to obey, not to control himself. He loses moral as well as intellectual independence.
1. 5. Explain the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words and phrases. (10 Marks)
defects
shortcoming, faults
rigid
too strict allowing now choice
peculiar
particular
constitution
shape, nature, style of thinking or behaving
talented
extra-ordinarily intelligent
compelled
forced, made to follow against their will
deficiencies
shortcomings, what he lacks, what he does not possess
stress
too much importance is given
rely on
depend on
intellectual independence
deciding independently, mentally free to act
capacity
ability
acquired
that he learns in the process
reluctantly
unwillingly, against his better judgement
dint
force
brute
cruel, harsh, unpleasant
English BA Part II (2006)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) a). “The work that Pavlov had been doing on digestion led him on to a new subject for research and to new discoveries.” This sentence has been taken from the essay on Pavlov. Describe Pavlov’s scientific experiments and achievements.
OR
b) “We know that not everyone in our society is getting the best possible education to meet his needs and to develop his abilities.” This sentence has been taken from John Vaizey’s essay “Education for Tomorrow”. What reforms does Vaizey advocate to make education available to all and useful for all.
2. Develop the following points into an essay of about 500 words on ”Justice is Truth in Action”. (25)
1. Justice and truth interdependent and closely related – no justice without truth – truth in thought and intention begets justice in action.
2. Justice is incidental to law and order.
3.. justice requires equitable and enlightened laws applicable to all – no one above law – the law is reason free from passion.
4. For there to be justice there should be no favoured individuals or classes or religious and ethnic groups.
5. Justice requires constant accountability.
6. Justice means full remuneration for a man’s work and provision in the constitution for the satisfaction of the basic needs of all citizens as members of a modern civilized society..
7. Legal justice must be preceded by social and economic justice. There can be no justice where the society is divided between the very rich and the very poor.
8. For justice freedom of thought and expression is absolutely necessary. There must be freedom of the press.
9. There can be justice only when the government is made responsive to the needs of the people.
10. There can be no justice in a dictatorial or theocratic state, where there are no guaranteed fundamental human rights, no freedom and no quality of men and women, believers and non-believers.
3 Read the following passage from “The Flight into Karachi” by Hector Bolitho and write answers to the questions given after the passage. (10 Marks)
While Quaid-e-Azam was caught up in this exasperating care of detail, he was also writing the greatest speech of his life. He would leave this fault finding expeditions to return to his desk, where he worked for many hours on the Presidential Address he was to give to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11. On that day he said to his people:
“You are free, You are free to go to your temples, You are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or cast or creed – that has nothing to do with the fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal, and you will find that in course of time, Hindus would cease to be Hindus, and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”
1. Does religion have any role to play in politics and state affairs? What was the Quaid’s view?
2. What did the Quaid mean when he said: “Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims.”
3. Was M.A. Jinnah of the view that the Hindus (having opposed the creation of Pakistan) should not have the same status and rights in Pakistan as the Muslims?
4. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. Do not merely reproduce sentences from the original passage. (15)
Mankind is faced with an alternative which has never before arisen in human history; either war must be renounced or we must expect the annihilation of the human race. Many warnings have been uttered by the eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain.
What I think may be taken as certain is that already there is no possibility of victory for either side as victory has been hitherto understood, and if scientific warfare continues unrestricted, the next war would pretty certainly have no survivors.
The series of steps which I am suggesting will help us, I believe, to reach the happier alternative. But before considering these steps, I should like to comment on a point of view, advanced, as I think mistakenly, by genuine friends of peace who say that we need an agreement between the Powers never to use nuclear weapons. I believe the attempt to secure such an agreement to be a blind alley for two reasons. One of these is that such weapons can now be manufactured with a degree of secrecy that defies inspection. It follows that, even if an agreement prohibiting such weapons had been concluded, each side would think that the other was secretly making them and mutual suspicions would make relations even more strained than what they are now.
The other argument is that even if each side refrained from manufacturing such weapons while nominal peace lasted, neither side would feel bound by the agreement if war had actually broken out, and each side could manufacture many H-bombs after the fighting had begun.
There are many people who flatter themselves that in a war H-bombs would not be actually used. They point to the fact that gas was not used in the Second World War. I am afraid that this is a complete delusion. Gas was not used because it was found to be indecisive and gas masks offered protection. The H-bomb, on the contrary, is a decisive weapon against which, so far, no defence has been discovered. It follows that we must prevent large scale wars or perish. In short, the abolition of the H-bombs, which is a thing we must all desire, can only come profitably after both sides have come together in a sincere attempt to put an end to hostile relations between the two blocks. How can this be obtained?
Before any universal contracts and measures become possible two things must be achieved: first all powerful states must realise that their aims, whatever, they may be, cannot be achieved by war; second, as a consequence of the universality of this realization , the suspicion on either side that other is preparing for war must be allayed.
5. Explain the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words and phrases. (10 Marks)
alternative
the choice between two course of actions
renounced
disown, reject, decide not involve in war
annihilation
extinction, complete destruction, completely wiped out,
eminent
famous, well renowned, distinguished, those who enjoy great fame because of their learning
hitherto
so far, till very recently but no longer now
blind alley
dead end, impossible to succeed, bound to fail
defies inspection.
not possible to keep a check on
mutual suspicions
mistrust on both sides, neither of the country feels sure of the other side
refrained
desist, avoid doing something, stop producing
nominal
in name only, supposed but not real,
delusion
illusion, false belief, mistaken idea
indecisive
inconclusive, not likely to bring victory
perish
cease to exist, to be extinct, to be destroyed
abolition
to stop producing,
hostile
harsh, unfriendly, showing enmity
consequence
as a result, because of
suspicion
lack of trust, feeling that the other side is not fair in its commitment and is trying to deceive
English (Comp) Part II (2005)
Marks: 75 Time Allowed: 3 hours
Q 1. East and West (15) (a) “His body started spinning at a great speed, and he was in the grip of a great force that drove him through the air like a screw. His head felt very heavy.” These lines have been taken from “The First Man in Space” by Patrick Pringle. Discuss in detail the various experiences that Yuri Gagarin went through. (15 marks)
OR
(b) “The term Pathan is the Indian mispronunciation of the name Pakhtuns give themselves – who these people are is another matter.” These lines have been taken from the essay “The Pakhtuns|” by Peter Mayne .State in your own words the description offered by the writer.
Q 2. Develop the following points into a well-organized essay of about 500 words on ”Life is a constant struggle”. (25 Marks)
1. All the great people in the world were men of action.
2. The hardship in struggle is followed by rewards.
3. Shortcut and foul means to success are short-lived.
4. The Holy Prophet’s life is an apt example of struggle.
5. The West’s advancement is the fruition of their constant struggle in the realms of science and technology.
6. Those who struggle always leave behind those who only contemplate.
7. Struggle should not be geared towards selfish motives.
8. Struggle without the well-being of others lead to injustice and social disparity.
9. The objectives of struggle should lead to upholding one’s moral and social values.
Q 3. Read the following passage from “The Idea of Pakistan” in East and West and write answers to the given questions at the end. (10 Marks)
The amount of dogma in Islam is, in fact, relatively small: much less than in Christianity. There are few bewildering items such as Trinity for a doubter to swallow. And the image formed by the western intellectuals over the years of a theocratic Pakistan must have been helped by the much publicized remarks of that Edwardian-style agnostic and Leftist from Harrow and Cambridge ….. who happens also to be a Hindu and Brahman. For the links between the Indian Congress Party and the British Leftists have been intimate for more than forty years. – at times greatly to the former’s advantage. Nevertheless no major Muslim State except Pakistan has associated itself with the word Islamic in quite this way, not Indonesia, her only rival in population strength; nor any of the (to the Western eye) better known ones bordering the Mediterranean. Turkey indeed – Pakistan’s military ally – has taken precisely the opposite path, putting Islam under vigorous duress through Ataturk’s reforms; abolishing the Caliphate, excluding theologians from participation in politics, banning many things characteristic of tradition Muslim way of life such as Arabic script, purdah for women and public use by men of brimless headgear such as fez, a necessity when at prayers; and unequivocally declaring herself as a secular state of western type. What are we to make of so striking a contrast?|
1. What does the writer mean by the sentence “There are few bewildering items such as Trinity for a doubter to swallow”? Explain.
2. Who publicized Pakistan as a theocratic state, and how did it help him?
3. In the last line of the above passage the writer asks “What are we to make of so striking a contrast?” What does he refer to? Explain.
Q 4 Summarise the following passage to one third of its length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (15 Marks)
The plague of locusts, one of the most awful visitations to which the countries included in the Roman Empire were exposed, extended from the Atlantic to Ethiopia, from Arabia to India, and from Nile and Red Sea to Greece and the north of Asia Minor. Instances are recorded in History of clouds of devastating insects crossing the Black Sea to Poland and the Mediterranean to Lombardy. It is as numerous in its species as it is wide in its range of territory. Brood follows brood with a sort of family likeness. It wakens into existence and activity as early as the month of March. But instances are not wanting of its appearance as late as June. Even one flight comprises myriads upon myriads passing imagination to which the drops of rain or the sands of the sea are the only fit comparison.; and hence it is almost a proverbial mode of expression in the East, by way of describing a vast invading army, to liken it to the locusts. So dense are they, when upon the wing, that it is no exaggeration to say that they hide the sun. And so ubiquitous are they that when they have alighted upon the earth, they simply cover or clothe its surface.
5. Explain the contextual meanings of any ten of the underlined words in the above passage (Q 4) (10 Marks)
awful
frightening, something that causes fear or terror; one is terrified to see such a large number of locusts landing on fields
exposed
faced the danger; these countries could not protect themselves against locust’s attack.
instances
examples;
devastating
destructive, locusts cause a heavy and widespread damage
numerous
in a very large number
wanting
absence or lack of something, locusts normally appear in March but there are instances of their appearance till as late as in June
brood
the young generation of locusts, insects which have hatched recently.
myriad
so large in number that one cannot count them, hundreds of thousands in number
proverbial
described metaphorically, locusts are so large in number that often large armies of enemies are referred to as locusts.
invading
attacking a country,
dense
Thick, they are so close to each other that one cannot see through them
exaggeration
overstatement, if we say that locust cover the sky it may appear overrating them and presenting them as much larger in number
ubiquitous
present everywhere, the locusts seem to be present all over
alight
to land and settle on earth after ending their flight
English (Comp) Part II (2004)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
Q I. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “The helicopter has fully borne out its inventor’s promise and prediction that it could prove to be a faithful servant of the peaceful progress of humanity.” This sentence has been taken from “Anything a Horse can Do.” Relate all you have learnt about Sikorsky and his efforts to invent the helicopter.
OR
(b) “You will find that in the course of time Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense because that is personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the new state.” This sentence of the Quaid-e-Azam has been taken from “Flight into Karachi”, a chapter from the book “Jinnah, the Creator of Pakistan” by Hector Bolitho. On the basis of this chapter give a detailed account of the kind of political system, constitution and government that Mr. Jinnah wanted for Pakistan.
Q 2. Develop the following points into a coherent and well organized essay of about 800 words on “War – an Unmixed Evil.” (25 Marks)
1. Just as it is a crime to attack another man and occupy his house and property so it is a crime for a nation to go to war with another nation and occupy its land.
2. War solves no problems; it rather increases and complicates the problems manifold.
3. It is absolutely false to say as did the pre-Second World War politicians that “War is a continuation of policy”. There is no alternative to peaceful and serious political dialogue and negotiations until the solution is found.
4. Spending huge sums of money on what is called defence leaves no money at all for much more important things like education, health, improving the lot of the poor.
5. The importance given to war and preparation for war paves the way for the rise of military dictators who destroy the constitution and public institutions and enslave and exploit the nation for their own selfish ends.
6. War brings terrible loss of life and property and untold sufferings, not only to the vanquished but also the victor, not only to the fighting forces but also much more so the civilians.
7. War destroys the economy of the belligerent nations and retards their progress and developments for decades.
8. The common men all over the world are against wars and want to live in peace and friendship with their neighbours. They have the same problems and needs and want to live like brothers and cooperate with one another.
9. The only group of people who benefit from war are the manufacturers of armaments. They bribe the politicians and create war hysteria among the people.
10. Modern warfare is fundamentally different from old wars. A nuclear war will leave no victor and no vanquished – in fact there will be no humanity left on this earth.
Q 3. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. No credit will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (15 Marks)
Can science survive when we separate it from the superstitions which nourished its infancy? The indifference of science to philosophy has been due, of course, to its amazing success. It has increased the sense of human power and has therefore been on the whole agreeable in spite of its occasional conflict with theological orthodoxy. But in quite recent times science has been driven by its own problems to take an interest in philosophy. This is essentially true of the theory of relativity with its emergence of space and time into the single space-time order of events. But it is true also of the theory of quanta with its apparent need of discontinuous motion. Also in another sphere, physiology and bio-chemistry are making inroads on psychology which threatens philosophy in a vital spot. Dr. Watson’s Behaviourism is the spearhead of this attack which, while it involves the opposite of respect for philosophic tradition, nevertheless necessarily rests upon a new philosophy of its own. For such reasons science and philosophy can no longer preserve an armed neutrality but be either friends or foes. The cannot be friends unless science can pass the examination which philosophy must set as to its premises. If they cannot be friends, they can only destroy each other. It is no longer possible that either alone can remain master of the field.
Q 4. Read the following passage from John Vaizey’s essay “Education for Tomorrow” and write answers to the questions given after the passage. No marks will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10 Marks)
One of the great drives towards improvement in education has always come from the passionate concern of reformers with equality. Quite recently this was defined simply as equality of opportunity- that given the opening those with intelligence would rise to the top. It was believed that there were many working-class girls and boys who, if offered the chance could become great statesmen, great scientists or great writers. One or two in a thousand could be identified and rescued – the rest would be left. Scholarships were created to provide places for children of high ability, largely from the white-collar working class. Gradually with the growth of sophistication in genetic ideas and techniques for measuring ability, it became clear that a great deal of talent of the highest level was in fact lost by inegalitarian systems if education. The idea that equality of opportunity might mean opportunity to develop any abilities a child might have, even if this did not lie solely in the intellectual field, is much more modern interpretation of this phrase. It is only recently that it has become accepted that every child is entitled to an adequate education, though at the present moment only the top five per cent of intelligence distribution gain an education which is in any aspect equivalent to that especially provided for middle class children by their parents.
1. What was the old meaning of the phrase ‘equality of opportunity’?
2. What is the modern interpretation of ‘equality of opportunity’?
3. Why does the writer consider the existing system of education to be inegalitarian?
4. What changes and reforms the writer suggest to make education just and beneficial for all?
5. What has been recently accepted about child’s education?
Q 5. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words or phrases in the given passage. (10 Marks)
The conception of an honest politician is not altogether a simple one. The most tolerant definition is one whose political decisions are not dictated by a desire to increase his own income. In this sense, Mr. Lloyd George is honest. The next stage would be the man whose political actions are not dictated by a desire to secure or preserve his own power any more than by pecuniary motives. In this sense Lord Gray is an honest politician. The last and most stringent sense is one who in his public actions is not only disinterested but does not fall very far below the standard of veracity and honour which is taken for granted between acquaintances. In this sense Lord Morley was an honest politician. He was always an honest politician until his honesty drove him out of politics. But even a politician who is honest in the highest sense may be very harmful. One may take George III as an illustration. Stupidity and unconscious bias often work more damage than venality.
conception
a visual picture or idea in mind, thought
tolerant
mild, not too strict, accepting without too much emphasis on exact requirement
altogether
entirely, completely, totally
dictated
determined, forced, imposed
secure
to obtain, achieve, aim at getting
preserve
maintain, make safe, keep in one’s possession
pecuniary
financial, monetary, related to riches
stringent
strict, insisting on exact requirement
standard of veracity
standard of integrity and honesty, truthfulness
taken for granted
known and accepted without doubt, to be regarded as a definite fact
acquaintances
friends, contacts, colleagues, people one knows and cares for their opinion
drove him out
left politics by his own choice
illustration
example, instance
stupidity
folly, foolishness, lack of wisdom
unconscious bias
partiality, prejudice (though without knowing it
venality
corruption, susceptible to bribery
English (Comp) Part II (2003)
Marks: 75 Time Allowed: 3 hours
I. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “His life is the noblest record of a work nobly performed. He infused vitality into a dormant people; he consolidated a congeries of warring tribes into a nation inspired into action with the hope of everlasting life.” These sentences have been taken from “The Holy Prophet” in East and West. State in detail in your own words the life account of the Holy Prophet presented by Amir Ali.
OR
(b) “We know that not everyone in our society is getting the best possible education to meet his needs and to develop his abilities, and yet selection is said at present to be made on the basis of intelligence.” This sentence has been taken from “Education for Tomorrow” in East and West. Give in your own words a detail account of the essay.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 600 words on the purpose of ‘Education.” 25
1. nations made by education; progress without it unthinkable;
2. develops and sharpens mental faculties;
3. removes narrow-mindedness and prejudice:
4. enables to distinguish between right and wrong
5. brings refinement in thought and intentions;.
6. removes savagery of heart; develops ethical and spiritual aspects;
7. provides material comfort;
8. combines ethical values with scientific advancements;
9. abhors war; probes into objective nature and
10. leads to realization of God’s glory
III. Read the following passage from the “Direct Energy from the Sun” by Egon Larsen in East and West and answer the given questions at the end. (15)
The most primitive device for catching and trapping the heat of the sun is the gardener’s greenhouse. Its modern offspring is the solar water heater, usually a coil of pipes placed in a shallow box on the roof of a house, embedded in black concrete (black accepts the sun rays more easily, white reflects them) and covered with a glass pane. The water cirulating in the pipes is heated by the sun and them pumped into a hot water tank from which the household takes its supply.
A more complicated but also more efficient device is the heat pump. It is, in fact, a refrigerator in reverse. It picks up as much heat as it can get either from the atmosphere, the soil, or from water (a river or a lake). This amount of heat which is of course rather small in winter is made to act on a liquid with a very low boiling point so that it changes into a gas. The gas is then compressed by means of a pump and goes into a condenser coil, where it changes back to a liquid, thus releasing its heat free; this can be made to heat house or provide hot water. Many heat pumps can be switched to reverse action so that they cool the air in summer.
Various types of solar houses have been designed by engineers and architects, especially in America, where many thousands of them have been built. In these houses some medium is used to store the heat of the sun and release it gradually as required. Water is a good medium for the purpose, but Glauber’s salt (hydrate sodium sulphate) is even more efficient. It melts at a temperature of 90 F, taking in a large amount of heat which it releases again when it turns back into crystals. Twenty tons of the salt, in ‘heat bins’ in the cellar of the solar house, have been found to be sufficient to keep the rooms comfortably warm in winter – with heat collected in the summer.
1. State in your own words the mechanism of solar water-heater.
2. What is a solar house, and what role does Glauber’s salt play in its operation?
3. How does a heat pump heat a house and provide hot water? Discuss.
IV. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
The secrets of sleep were a mystery for centuries simply because there were neither the means to explore nor the need. Only when candles gave way to light, and gas to electricity, when man became able convert night into day and double his output by working shifts round the clock, did people seriously start wondering if sleep could possibly be a waste of time. Our ability to switch night into day is very recent. and it is questionable if we will ever either want, or be able to give up our habit of enjoying a good night’s sleep. However a remarkable research project has already discovered a few people who actually enjoy insomnia. Even chronic insomniacs often get hours more sleep than they think. But by placing electric contacts beside the eye and on the head, it is possible to check their complaint by studying the tiny currents we generate which reveal the different brainwaves of sleep and wakefulness. This has shown that for some people seven or eight hours of sleep a night or quite unnecessary. A lot of recent work has shown that too much sleep is bad for you, so that if you are fortunate enough to be born with a body which needs only a small amount of sleep, you may well be healthier and happier than someone who sleeps longer. Every attempt to unravel the secrets of sleep, and be precise about its function, raises many problems. The sleeper himself cannot tell what is going on and, even when he wakes, has only a very a hazy idea of how good or bad a night he has had. (273)
V. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words in the above passage (Q No IV). (10)
Contextual Meaning
mystery
something strange and unknown, something which has not been understood yet
explore
examine more carefully in order to know about it or to understand it more thoroughly
convert
Change something to another shape. Night has been made just as useful as day.
output
task or work that can be completed
round the clock
for twenty hours of day i.e. both day and night
wondering
thinking, express surprise at this achievement
recent
achieved only a short time go i.e. in near past
remarkable
surprising and worth mentioning, admirable
discovered
came to know or found about for the first time
insomnia
an unusual condition in which one remains sleepless for a long time
chronic
any disease which continues for a very long time is called to be chronic.
complaint
the expressed feeling that something is wrong with them. Here the claim that they suffer from a condition of prolonged sleeplessness
generate
produce, emit, cause to come into existence
reveal
indicate, show, bring to light, make known
unravel
discover, find out by research
hazy
vague, misty, unclear, not exact, dim,
English (Comp) Part II (2002)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “Today’s drop is a corkscrew drop”, he was told. It was the worst of all. His body started spinning at a great speed, and he felt as if he was in the grip of a great force that drove him in the air like a screw. These sentences have been taken from the “The First Man in Space” in the East and West. Discuss in detail in your own words the experiences of the first man in space. OR
(b) “Beyond the fact that he was born in a ravine running deep into the foot-hills and was one of a family of three, I know nothing of his early history.” This sentence has been taken from “The Pipal Pani Tiger” in the East and West. State in your own words the narrative account of the essay.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 600 words on the ‘Qualities of a True Statesman’. 25
1. Truly devoted to his cause and nation.
2. Governs through his conduct, does not believe in nepotism and favouritism.
3. Always rational and logical, bestowed with sharp far-sightedness and intellect.
4. Always have great faith in himself and his nation.
5. Charismatic; making right decision at the right time.
6. Never abuses power; always humane and ready to serve.
7. Believes in equality and justice.
8. Faces all sorts of challenges with acumen; gives new sense of direction to his nation; remembered for his meritorious services.
III. Read the following passage from the essay “The Idea of Pakistan” by Ian Stephens in East and West and write answers the questions given at the end. (15)
British statesmen and administrators, of course, before Pakistan came into being, disliked the prospect of the administrative unity of India, which their predecossors had done so much to create being wrenched apart. The thought of Indian Army having to be divided was particularly distressing to civilians, as well as to soldiers. It had just come through the Second World War with glory. Its prestige stood higher than ever, and internationally it had greater stabilizing potentialities. There was nothing religious in this. But it meant that the Pakistan concept stirred distaste in British governing circles. And much doubt was felt, indeed disbelief, not only by leading British people, but by foreigners, on whether, in the event, so clumsy-looking a new political creation as Pakistan – consisting, as evidently it would, of two very dissimilar bits of country about 1000 miles apart – could survive. And if it did not, that would make a nasty mess on the map of the South Asia, which war-weary westerners would presumablyhave to try to tide up.
And then as well after Pakistan had come into being influential men experience in the sub-continent’s affairs as a result of government servive or career in business tended to become silent. Most senior government personnel just retired, whether military or civilian, were exhausted and disillusioned; they had gone through rough times, and the partition and the riots had destroyed assumptions that their whole life work was based on. Moreover rules still to some extent, bound them: their positions might depend on reticence about their knowledge or about papers that they held. “Well that is no use crying spilt milk; let’s turn to something else.” Perhaps such phrases as these well express what many of them felt. There was also a widespread notion in high places, which affected the press that as Britain had ceased to rule, she should not risk jogging the successor governments’ elbows by fussy comments from afar.
1. Why did the British dislike the prospect of the administrative unity of the Indian continent being wrenched apart?
2. Why were the leading British people and other foreigners so sceptical about the creation of Pakistan?
3. What does the writer refer to when he states: “Well, that is no use crying over spilt milk?
IV. Summarise the following passage to about one third of its length. No credit shall be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
There are three conceptions of history. In Carlyle’s view history is nothing but a biography of great men. Rousseau defines history as ‘the art of choosing from among many lies that one which most resembles the truth. Macaulay conceives the ideal historian as one who tells the upper currents as well as under currents of society and represent the spirit of an age in miniature. To our mind Macaulay’s conception of history as a story of men both big and small, imaginatively constructed and dramatically written is the best. But it has to be admitted that an imaginative and dramatic representation of history is likely to detract from the objective dispassion which is an essential attribute of a really great historian. Even eminent historians like Sir George Travelyan and Alfred Toynbee have not been able to achieve this ideal of objectivity of the fullest extent because of the difficulties involved in an absolutely detached interpretation of the various events and trends of life. It is for this reason that our eminent leader and historian, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, does not give a high place to Lord Macaulay, in the rank of distinguished historians. James Anthony Froude has demonst-rated the truth of the dictum: “The last art of profundity is simplicity.” A historian however great is not a prophet. He cannot exactly prophesy the future. The members of the Security Council, just like the members of the League of Nations, cannot chart, far less control, the events that are yet in the womb of time. (254 words)
V. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words in the above. (10)
biography
the narration that tells about the important incidents of someone’s life.
resembles
similar, like something on the surface,
conceives
thinks, regards, opines
in miniature
on a small scale, summing up
constructed
recreated, developed
imaginative
creative, inventive, reflective, thoughtful
dispassion
objectivity, detached, impartial
eminent
distinguished, of great distinction
achieve
acquire, succeed in something after a lot of effort
detached
Showing no emotional involvement or interest
distinguished historians
prominent writers of history.
demonstrated
exhibited, show or prove
dictum
A short statement expressing advice etc.
English (Comp) Part II (2001)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “In 1924, Pavlov reached the age of 75, and Lenin issued a special decree giving official recognition to Pavlov’s services to science.” This sentence has been taken from the essay “Pavlov” in the East and West. What have you learnt from this essay about Pavlov’s way of life and his scientific achievements and discoveries?
OR
(b) “Whatever his political creed, and whatever the cause of his ministry’s downfall, we have nothing but praise for the extraordinary qualities of his head and heart as an eminent politician.” This sentence has been taken from “The Death of a Great Man” in the East and West. State in your own words in detail the extraordinary qualities and contributions of Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan as discussed in this essay.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 500 words on “Science in the Service of Man”. Your essay should have FOUR paragraphs with each point adequately developed in as many paragraphs as necessary. (25)
1. Introduction: Many Scientific inventions and discoveries having facilitated man’s life on earth.
2. Transport and communication revolutionised by science.
3. The application of science in:
a) Medicine b)Engineering. c)agriculture
4. he inexhaustible domestic and industrial use of electricity, an invaluable gift of science.
III. Read the following passage from the essay “The Holy Prophet” in East and West and answer the questions given at the end, preferably in your own words. (15)
The mission of Muhammad (PBUH) was now accomplishedm. And in this fact – the fact of the whole work being achieved in his life-time – lies his distinctive superiority over the prophets, sages and philosophers of other times and other countries. Jesus, Moses, Zoraster, Sakya-Muni, Plato, all had their notions of realms of God, their republics, their ideas, through which degraded humanity was to be elevated into a new moral life; all had departed from this world with their aspirations unfulfilled, their bright visions unrealised, or had bequeathed the task of elevating their fellowmen to sanguinary disiciples or monarch-pupils. It was reserved for Muhammad (PBUH) to fulfill his mission and that of his predecessors. It was reserved for him alone to see accomplished the work of amelioration – no royal disciple came to his assistance with edicts to enforce the new teachings. May not the Muslims justly say the entire work was the work of God?
The humble preacher, who had only the other day been hunted out of the city of his birth, and been stoned out of the place where he had betaken himself to preach God’s words, had within the short space of nine years, lifted up his people from the abysmal depth of noral and spiritual degradation to a conception of purity and justice.
His life is the noblest record of a work nobly and faithfully performed. He infused vitality into a dormant people; he consolidated a congeries of warring tribes into a nation inspired into action with the hope of everlasting life; he concentrated into a focus all the fragmentary and broken lights, which had ever fallen on the heart of man. Such was his work and he perfomed it with an enthusiasm and fervour which admitted no compromise, conceived no halting; with indomitable courage which brooked no resistance, and allowed no fear of consequence; with a singleness of purpose which thought of no self.
Questions:
1. In what lies the distinctive superiority of Muhammad (PBUH) over other prophets, sages and philosophers?
2. What did Muhammad (PBUH) do for the Arabs whom the writer calls “the dormant people”?
3. 3. Why does the writer call the work of Muhammad (PBUH) as the work of God?
IV. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third { 152 words} of its original length. (10)
The reading of good books is one of the delightful and life-giving pleasure that a man can have. There are certainly books that do harm. But it is not of such books that we are thinking. We have in mind such books as give genuine vital pleasure. First of all, books offer us an almost unlimited choice. There are books to suit all our moods. There are books of all sorts: grave and gay, rising us to the Sublime heights of thought and feeling, taking us now on a Veritable magic carpet to the land of beauty and peace. There are moments when we full of a sense of the unintelligible mystery of this world, when we are unable to find any meaning for the conflicts and contradictions of this life. At such times we can well take ourselves to books, a poem perhaps, or a story, and find in what we read an interpretation or solution of the problem that has troubled our mind.
Every good book enables us to share with the writer the thrill of creation; for every good book the result of the creative activity of a person with an observation and imagination far greater and deeper than that of common people. In reading a book into which the creative activity has fully entered, we become for the time being creators ourselves. Something of the mind of the writer becomes ours. It may be a romantic story of adventure that we read; and if there is anything of the spirit of adventure in us we shall feel the thrill as we breathlessly follow the hero from incident to incident. We project ourselves into the personality of the hero as the author must have projected himself while creating the character.
One of the great advantages of reading as source of pleasure is that we do not have to depend upon other people for the pleasure. A book and a shady nook is all that we want. Indeed when a good is giving us the delight of its company, the presence of human company may seem not only redundant but an intrusion. There is no loneliness for those who have learnt to take pleasure in the company of the great men who live for us through their timeless books. Through books we associate on terms of familiarity with the greatest minds of the world.
Few other pleasures are so edifying as is the reading of good books. Not all the books we read may be books with an intrusive tendency. But all great art edifies and if the books we read are great art we shall certainly be the wiser and better for the hours we spend in the company of books. (454 words)
V. Explain the contextual meanings of any TEN of the highlighted words/ phrases in the above passage for summary (10)
genuine
real, not false. The writer means that such books give real and true pleasure.
grave and gay
Serious or delightful. Some books are serious in nature and as such are more suitable when we are thoughtful. Others being capable of giving pleasure are more appropriate when we care more for enjoyment than serious study.
sublime
extremely good and beautiful
veritable
almost, exactly like; working like a real magic carpet
unintelligible mystery
a secret that is very strange and we cannot understand it
conflicts
opposing and dissimilar aspects (of life), things which do not seem to agree with each other
contradictions
two sets of observations, beliefs, phenomena which are so opposite to each other that one must be wrong, yet both seem to be equally true. ,
thrill
feeling of extreme excitement caused by something pleasant
creative
producing or using original and unusual ideas
romantic
exciting and mysterious with a strong effect on emotions
incident to incident
from one episode to another, every detail
nook
corner; here a lonely place where no one is likely to interrupt one
redundant
unnecessary and not needed; something or someone that one no longer needs
intrusion
interruption, interference; something or someone that disturbs one and is unwanted
edifying
improving the mind and understanding
intrusive tendency
this word seems to be a typing mistake as it means the capacity to disturb or interfere. It should be edifying tendency which means the ability or trend to improve the mind and understanding.
English (Comp) Part II (2000)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (1a) “The Peshawar Cantonment is Victorian England with a rich Pathan flavour.” This sentence has been taken from the essay “Peshawar” by J. Spain. State in your own words the description offered by J. Spain.
OR
(1b) “Pavlov had found that the mere sight of food produced a plentiful flow of digestive juice, but that if the food were taken away, the flow stopped.” This action is known by a certain term. What is that term? Give examples of this action from the essay “Pavlov”.
II. Develop the following points into a well-organized, coherent, essay of about 500 words on “A Rolling Stone Gathers no Mass”. Your essay should have FIVE paragraphs with each point developed into a complete paragraph. (25)
1. Definition of the proverb – who is a rolling stone and what is meant by gathering mass.
2. Men who constantly change their business do not succeed – success requires single-mindedness and hard work.
3. Men who are always throwing one job for another fail – to go higher in one’s job requires that one sticks to that job – men who change their jobs often remain at the lowest rung of the ladder.
4. This is also true of students – students must stick to one subject to become scholars - a student who keeps on changing his subjects will become “a jack of all subjects but master of none”.
5. But there are exceptions – adventurers, explorers, travellers and discoverers are restless people – they gather no mass for themselves; they gather it for the world in the shape of new knowledge – give at least two examples.
III. Read the following passage from the essay “The Pakhtuns” by Peter Mayne and answer the questions given at the end. (15)
I had never been to the Bugti country, and all I could remember about the Bugtis was that they were a Baluchi tribe, of Biblical simplicity, and that from a nineteenth-century pioneer-administrator’s point of view they had the one supreme merit – they bowed to the unquestioned authority of their chieftain. The benefits of 19th century progress, as the great Sandeman well knew (though he was still a young man, and not great at all when he first met the Bugtis), were more easily demonstrable to an audience of one, than to a whole trible of doubting, suspicious, and violent tribesmen. As it happened the Bugtis placidly entered the British fold behind their tumandar who had seen the light and decided that it would be better to offer his allegiance to the British in return for an allowance, than pay fief to his overlord, the Khan of Kelat. It does not happen like that with the tribal-region Pathans, who don’t care about chieftains or other people’s enlightenment.
There is seldom a concord even amongst the members of a Pakhtun family, so how could there be concord in the larger unit of the village, or the section of the tribe – let alone within a tribe as a whole, or amongst the Pakhtuns as a whole? You can not expect concord unless the individual advantage of each member of the unit is demonstrably the same. The Pakhtuns have no one to speak for them, since each man speaks for himself – no leaders, since no man admits the superiority of another man – and they all go their own ways in consequence.
It was not to be so very different two hundred years later, when the British reached Pakhtun country. The maliks, or headmen, through whom the British hoped to control Pakhtun country, were obeyed by the tribes to the point where the British had power to enforce obediencem. ….. It was madness for for the Government to count upon undertakings given by maliks in the name of a Pakhtun tribe (as they could in the case of the Baluchi tribes, for example), and ridiculous to brand as disloyalty , a Pakhtun’s failure to play the political game according to rules laid down by foreigners. The tribes play the political game instead of football, and with unorthodox brilliance.
1. What basic difference does the writer point out in the nature of the Baluch and that of the Pakhtun tribes?
2. Why were the British not so successful in subjugating the Pakhtun tribes as they were in subjugating the Baluch tribes?
3. Why is it difficult for the Pakhtuns to unite as a whole?
III. Summarise the following passage in your own words to about one third {150 words} of its original length. No credit will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
Some hallowed myths about the history of the family are being destroyed. We used to think that before the industrial revolution, extended kin-networks spanning several generations commonly lived together under the same roof. The nuclear family – consisting of husband, wife, and children by themselves – was pictured as a distinctly recent creation, itself a major symptom of family breakdown. But now we know that the nuclear family has been the norm throughout American history, from earliest colonial times, and in England as well since at least the sixteenth century. In fact some scholars question whether extended kin networks have ever normally bedded down together no matter how far back one goes in the record of Western Europe. In this important sense, there has been far less change than one might have imagined. Indeed some evidence exists - more in England than in America – that the first phase of industrialization brought families closer together, as relatives huddled in closely shared quarters to pool their scant resources. Of course, physical crowding does not always make for domestic peace, and such crowding was traditional for most people in both rural and urban surroundings. All in all, it is far from clear that a “golden age” for the family lies anywhere in the past, at least short of the extremes to be found in tribal and peasant societies. In every period, family life has had its drawbacks.
The key change involves attitudes prevailing within the nuclear family. Genuinely new, beginning in the eighteenth century among the aristocracy and spreading gradually across the whole of the society, was the rise of the ideal of romantic love. It is astonishing to realize that the expectations of the love as a necessary attribute of marriage is so recent. Before then marriage had been entered into much more matter-of-factly (or for property-oriented advantages among the wealthy). It was a custom to which one automatically submitted, making do with whoever of the correct social level might be locally available. Recently marriage has been made into a far more deliberate (in that sense, voluntary) act. Much higher emotional stakes therefore enter into it. In the present century, for the first time in history, it has come to be considered actually wrong to go on living with someone whom one does not love. This far more demanding expectation about the nature of marriage may lie at the root of the rising divorce rate and also tell us the most about what is distinctive in the meaning and function of the family in our own time. Our impression of the instability or breakdown of the family derives largely from the new kind of burden we have placed on it in these psychological terms. (448 words)
V. Explain in your own words the contextual meanings of any TEN of the underlined words/ phrases in the above passage. (10)
Hallowed
respected highly because believed to be very important or very old.
Revolution
a sudden and great change in customs etc. Here it refers to the change in the methods of production introduced by invention of machine power.
kin-networks
relatives and family members who work together in the same trade.
symptom
a physical or mental change which indicates that something is wrong with the state of affairs.
norm
something which is widely accepted in a society as the correct behaviour etc.
huddled
standing close to each other; here living together in the same house
pool
deposit with one person or put together for shared use by all the members
scant
very little and not enough, small in quantity, meagre
peasant
A class of people who earn their living by growing crops, farmers
drawbacks
shortcomings, disadvantages, negative effects of something
matter-of-factly
in a realistic manner, with an eye on the material advantages
making do
managing, trying to make it a success; here trying to live with a wife even though she is not a suitable match in terms of education and likes and dislikes
stakes
risks that one has to face (in such a marriage)
distinctive
clearly separate and different from other; here the different meaning and function of family from the old notion about it
English (Comp) Part II (1999)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Marks: 75
1. EAST AND WEST (15) (a) “Beyond the fact that he was born in a ravine running deep into the foot-hills, and was one of a family of three, I know nothing of his early history.” This sentence has been taken from “The Pipal Pani Tiger” in East and West. State in your own words the various encounters Jim Corbett had with the Pipal Pani Tiger.
OR
(b) “Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of harmonious whole in a country like India.” This sentence has been taken from “Iqbal’s Message” by S.A. Vaheed. What argument does Iqbal present in support of the above statement? Discuss in detail.
II. Develop the following points into an essay of about 800 words on “The True Aim of Education” and then suggest ways how to improve our existing system. (25)
1. Aims at physical, mental and spiritual well-being --- healthy body prerequisite – appropriate food --- cleans ways of living --- physical exercise – bodily strength ensures intellectual activity - different physical exercises – walking, games, riding.
2. Sharpens mental faculties – remove superstitions and prejudices – inculcates love of truth –distinguishes right from wrong --- enables to think and decide for oneself.
3. Makes one feel humanely – act rightly – refinement in thought and action.
4. Defects in our present system – aimless –no hope for healthy development of character - not according to the nation’s expectations – no uniformity in syllabus.
5. Suggestions for improvement.
III. Summarise the following passage to about one third in your own words. No marks will be given for mere reproduction from the passage. (10)
In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympic athletic festival, held every four years in honour of Zeus, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event, and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been waived, inter-national. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 BC.
The Games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boys gymnastics, horse-racing, field events such as discus and javelin throwing, and the very important foot races. There was also boxing and wrestling and special tests of varied ability such as the pentathlon, the winner of which excelled in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing and wrestling. The evening of third day was devoted to sacrificial offerings to the heroes of the day, and the fourth day, that of the full moon, was set aside as a holy day.
On the sixth and last day, all the victors were crowned with holy garlands of wild olive from a sacred wood. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were in fact richly awarded by their state authorities. The public honour also made the strict discipline of the ten-month period of training worth-while. In spite of the lengthy training, however, runners were known to drop dead from strain at the winning post. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.
IV Read the following passage from the essay “Quaid-e-Azam” by M.A.H Ispahani in East and West and answer the questions at the end. (15)
The Quaid-e-Azam was no master of languages. He did not profess to be one. He best expressed himself in English, and even in this language, the meticulous Don would have found some flaws. But what did it matter? He was gifted with a logical mind and clear thinking. He could grasp anything in a flash and was able to convey his thoughts in a words and clearly. His vision, particularly in matters legal and political, was penetrating. He possessed the gift of seeing problems and their implications ahead and further than anyone I have known. And it was this rare attribute which made him not only a great advocate but also a force to contend with in his political leadership. And the combination of the best Hindu minds of the time which was pitted against this sole being knew and felt this best of all.
Great as he was, he knew his limitations. When his admirers exceeded the bound of admiration and called him Amir-ul-Momenin (the king of the believers), a title given to caliphs, for they were the spiritual and political heads of Muslim society, he would say: “Please do not call me this. I do not profess to be your religious and spiritual guide or leader. I am your political leader and no more.” Likewise when he was expected to do something for he was not qualified, he would not hesitate to declare his inability.
1. How does the write evaluate the linguistic abilities of the Quaide-e-Azam?
2. What rare charismatic quality of the Quaid has been mentioned in the passage? Discuss in your own words.
3. Why would the Quaid forbid his admirers to call him Amir-ul-Momenin?
V. Explain the contextual meaning of TEN of the underlined words in the passage. (10)
A journalist has to be fully aware of the economic, cultural and scientific activity and philosophical thought of every country he visits. Not only do these reflect the spirit of the age and the prevailing trends of thought but are also inextricably linked with the political aspirations and achievements of the country. An American correspondent in Pakistan would be able to appreciate our political and intellectual progressive-ness better if he was equipped with a knowledge of dynamic philosophy and poetry of Iqbal. Very often political policies are based on economic considerations. States quarrel over land, water, minerals, oil etc and all these havean uncommon economic significance. Germany and France had haggled over the Saar coal fields for ages. Cultural delegations like ballet troupes and atheltic teams have a definite political significance today. Scientific discoveries, especially in the field of defence, give a country remarkable political power. The opinions of philosophers and economists concerning different ideologies mould public opinion and hence influence politics. The journalist has, therefore, to bealways alert with a keen desire for extensive knowledge and an enquiring mind. No work is more informative and taxing than his.
spirit of the age
the way a people think, feel and behave.
the general trend of a people,
prevailing
existing and be accepted among a large number of people
inextricably
1. in a way that these moods of thoughts and feelings cannot be separated from their lives and so a permanent feature of life
aspirations
desires or wishes; yearnings: something that the people desire to have or do by all means
appreciate
understand in a better way so as to approve or admire
equipped
having proper knowledge and experience
dynamic
full of energy and zeal, energetic and active
considerations
reasons, grounds for action
significance
importance
haggled
attempt to decide by arguing their own rights over it
delegations
group of artists, dancers, actors etc.
mould
change and give shape to them
alert
Quick to see and understand. watchful
extensive
wide, having a large range, thorough
taxing
needing a lot of physical or mental effort